{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:22:42Z","timestamp":1783092162464,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-026-03124-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:42:56Z","timestamp":1775130176000},"page":"939-944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Manufacture of the first FDA-approved batches of 900 kilodalton crystalline type a botulinum toxin for clinical use: a personal remembrance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3124_CR1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"From neuroscience to neurology: Neuroscience, molecular medicine, and the therapeutic transformation of neurology","author":"CL Comella","year":"2005","unstructured":"Comella CL, Simpson LL, Jankovic J (2005) Botulinum toxins: Transformation of a toxin into a treatment. In: Waxman S (ed) From neuroscience to neurology: Neuroscience, molecular medicine, and the therapeutic transformation of neurology. Elsevier Academic Press, pp 125\u2013140"},{"key":"3124_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.7288","volume":"23","author":"J Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong J, Helveston EM, Hanke CW (2024) The 200-year timeline on botulinum toxin: from biologic poison to wonder drug. J Drugs Dermatol 23:1357\u20131359","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"3124_CR3","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Neuropoisons: their pathophysiological actions. Volume 1: poisons of animal origin","author":"DB Drachman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Drachman DB (1971) Botulinum toxin as a tool for research on the nervous system. In: Simpson LL (ed) Neuropoisons: their pathophysiological actions. Volume 1: poisons of animal origin. Plenum Press, pp 325\u2013347"},{"key":"3124_CR4","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Manual of botulinum toxin therapy","author":"D Dressler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dressler D, Hallett M (2014) Botulinum toxin: history of clinical development. In: Truong D, Dressler D, Hallett M (eds) Manual of botulinum toxin therapy. Cambridge University Press, pp 9\u201312"},{"key":"3124_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02494-5","volume":"129","author":"D Dressler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dressler D, Johnson EA (2022) Botulinum toxin therapy: past, present and future developments. J Neural Transm 129:829\u2013833","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"3124_CR6","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Botulinum toxin therapy. Handbook of experimental pharmacology","author":"F Hasan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hasan F (2019) Manufacturing and clinical formulations of botulinum neurotoxins. In: Whitcup SM, Hallett M (eds) Botulinum toxin therapy. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 263. Springer Switzerland, pp 50\u201361"},{"key":"3124_CR7","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Death to beauty: the transformative history of Botox","author":"EM Helveston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helveston EM (2020) Death to beauty: the transformative history of Botox. The Amazon Publishing Company, pp 48\u201365"},{"key":"3124_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.52.1.1-13.1946","volume":"52","author":"C Lamanna","year":"1946","unstructured":"Lamanna C, Eklund H, McElroy (1946) Botulinum toxin (Type A): including a study of shaking with chloroform as a step in the isolation procedure. J Bacteriol 52:1\u201313","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"3124_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.60343","volume":"55","author":"PK Nigam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nigam PK, Nigam A (2010) Botulinum toxin. Indian J Dermatol 55:8\u201314","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"3124_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.80-99.1992","volume":"56","author":"EJ Schantz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schantz EJ, Johnson EA (1992) Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. Microbiol Rev 56:80\u201399","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3124_CR11","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Therapy with botulinum toxin","author":"EJ Schantz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schantz EJ, Johnson EA (1994) Preparation and characterization of botulinum toxin type A for human treatment. In: Jankovic J, Hallett M (eds) Therapy with botulinum toxin. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 41\u201350"},{"key":"3124_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1997.0032","volume":"40","author":"EJ Schantz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schantz EJ, Johnson EA (1997) Botulinum toxin: the story of its development for the treatment of human disease. Perspect Biol Med 40:317\u2013327","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"3124_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-447180-1.50016-X","volume-title":"Biomedical aspects of botulism","author":"EJ Schantz","year":"1981","unstructured":"Schantz EJ, Scott AB (1981) Use of crystalline type A botulinum toxin in medical research. In: Lewis GE (ed) Biomedical aspects of botulism. Academic Press, pp 143\u2013150"},{"issue":"32 Suppl 2","key":"3124_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026642","volume":"100","author":"AB Scott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scott AB, Honeychurch D, Brin MF (2021) Early development history of botox (onabotulinumtoxinA). Medicine (Baltimore) 100(32 Suppl 2):e26642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000026642","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"3124_CR15","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Neuropoisons: their pathophysiological actions. Volume 1: poisons of animal origin","author":"LL Simpson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Simpson LL (1971) The neuroparalytic and hemagglutinating activities of botulinum toxin. In: Simpson LL (ed) Neuropoisons: their pathophysiological actions. Volume 1: poisons of animal origin. Plenum Press, pp 303\u2013324"},{"key":"3124_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/43.2.152","volume":"43","author":"PT Snipe","year":"1928","unstructured":"Snipe PT, Sommer (1928) Studies on botulinus toxin. 3. Acid preparation of botulinus toxin. J Infect Dis 43:152\u2013160","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3124_CR17","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Manual of botulinum toxin therapy","author":"D Truong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Truong D, Nandamwar D, Hallett M (2021a) Botulinum neurotoxin: history of clinical development. In: Truong D, Hallett M, Dressler D, Zachary C, Pathak M (eds) Manual of botulinum toxin therapy, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, pp 9\u201312","edition":"3"},{"key":"3124_CR18","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Manual of botulinum toxin therapy","author":"D Truong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Truong D, Xing F, Hallett M (2021b) Pharmacology of botulinum toxin therapy. In: Truong D, Hallett M, Dressler D, Zachary C, Pathak M (eds) Manual of botulinum toxin therapy, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, pp 13\u201317","edition":"3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03124-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03124-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03124-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:00:27Z","timestamp":1783090827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03124-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03124-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}