{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:43:43Z","timestamp":1792579423666,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Weight change (WC) is a well-recognized and poorly understood side effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS). The aim of our study was to determine the relationship between active electrode location in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and post-DBS WC. This was a single center retrospective study of 82 patients who underwent STN DBS. Two weeks after surgery, a head CT was obtained and co-registered to the patient\u2019s preoperative 3T MRI. The STN midpoint was identified, and the location of the active electrode was defined with respect to the STN midpoint in Talairach space. Least squares regression models were applied to evaluate the role of active electrode location on WC, as well as the relationships between WC and the explanatory variables sex, age, disease duration, change in levodopa equivalent dose (LED), change in MDS-UPDRS III scores, and change in dyskinesias before and after DBS. Active electrode contact location was not significantly associated with WC along any direction in either hemisphere. WC was significantly associated with change in dyskinesias (slope = -1.8 lbs\/point, R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.072,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.025), but only in a univariate model. Our findings suggest that active electrode contact location does not influence WC after STN DBS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-026-03201-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T13:39:27Z","timestamp":1781357967000},"page":"2557-2566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Active electrode location does not influence weight gain after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation surgery in Parkinson disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Amelia","family":"Heston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asra","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Wyant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parag G.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin L.","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Leventhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3201_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aiello M, Eleopra R, Foroni F, Rinaldo S, Raffaella I, Rumiati (2017) Weight Gain after STN-DBS: The Role of Reward Sensitivity and Impulsivity. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior 92 (July): 150\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.04.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.04.005"},{"issue":"12","key":"3201_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3102-7","volume":"38","author":"R Balestrino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balestrino R, Baroncini D, Fichera M et al (2017) Weight Gain after Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Is Influenced by Dyskinesias\u2019 Reduction and Electrodes\u2019 Position. Neurol Sciences: Official J Italian Neurol Soc Italian Soc Clin Neurophysiol 38(12):2123\u20132129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-017-3102-7","journal-title":"Neurol Sciences: Official J Italian Neurol Soc Italian Soc Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3201_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10543","volume":"18","author":"M Barichella","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barichella M, Marczewska CM (2003) Body Weight Gain Rate in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Deep Brain Stimulation. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 18(11):1337\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.10543","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"issue":"21","key":"3201_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000313022.39329.65","volume":"70","author":"EE Benarroch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Benarroch EE (2008) Subthalamic Nucleus and Its Connections: Anatomic Substrate for the Network Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation. Neurology 70(21):1991\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000313022.39329.65","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"3201_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.06.010","volume":"19","author":"KL Chou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chou KL, Taylor JL, Patil PG (2013) The MDS-UPDRS Tracks Motor and Non-Motor Improvement Due to Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 19(11):966\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.06.010","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"3201_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060281","volume":"355","author":"G Deuschl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P et al (2006) A Randomized Trial of Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. N Engl J Med 355(9):896\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa060281","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02383-6","volume":"21","author":"K Eguchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eguchi K, Shirai S, Matsushima M et al (2021) Correlation of Active Contact Location with Weight Gain after Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation: A Case Series. BMC Neurol 21(1):351, 351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02383-6","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"3201_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105810","volume":"115","author":"RS Eisinger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eisinger RS, Okun SC, Cernera S et al (2023) Weight and Survival after Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 115:105810, 105810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105810","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"22","key":"3201_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907083","volume":"362","author":"KA Follett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Follett KA, Weaver MS, Stern M et al (2010) Pallidal versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. N Engl J Med 362(22):2077\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0907083","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3201_CR10","first-page":"310","volume":"17","author":"A Gironell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gironell A, Pascual-Sedano B, Otermin P, Kulisevsky J (2002) [Weight gain after functional surgery for Parkinsons disease]. Neurologia 17(6):310\u2013316","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"issue":"November","key":"3201_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.10.012","volume":"92","author":"TR Greif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greif TR, Askari A, Maher AC, Patil PG, and Carol Persad (2021) Anterior Lead Location Predicts Verbal Fluency Decline Following STN-DBS in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 92(November):36\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.10.012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"14","key":"3201_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26435","volume":"30","author":"JG Hentz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hentz JG, Shyamal H, Mehta HA, Shill E, Driver-Dunckley TG, Beach, Adler CH (2015) Simplified Conversion Method for Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale Motor Examinations. Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc 30(14):1967\u20131970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26435","journal-title":"Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"3201_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20056","volume":"19","author":"J Herzog","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herzog J, Fietzek U, Hamel W et al (2004) Most Effective Stimulation Site in Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc 19(9):1050\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20056","journal-title":"Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"3201_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000366286","volume":"92","author":"L Houshmand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Houshmand L, Cummings KS, Chou KL, Patil PG (2014) Evaluating Indirect Subthalamic Nucleus Targeting with Validated 3-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 92(6):337\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000366286","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820b52c5","volume":"68","author":"M Locke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Locke M, Wu S, Kelly Foote, et al (2011) Weight Changes in STN versus GPi DBS: Results from the COMPARE Parkinson\u2019s Disease DBS Cohort. Neurosurgery 68(5):1233\u20131238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820b52c5","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"3201_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10630","volume":"19","author":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Macia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Macia Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric, Perlemoine C, Ir\u00e8ne Coman, et al (2004) Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients with Bilateral Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Gain Weight. Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc 19(2):206\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.10630","journal-title":"Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"3201_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1159\/000340071","volume":"90","author":"KA Mills","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mills KA, Scherzer R, Starr PA, Ostrem JL (2012) Weight Change after Globus Pallidus Internus or Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Dystonia. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 90(6):386\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000340071","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"3201_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm113","volume":"130","author":"C Montaurier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Montaurier C, Morio B, Bannier S et al (2007) Mechanisms of Body Weight Gain in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease after Subthalamic Stimulation. Brain 130(Pt 7):1808\u20131818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm113","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.2.JNS192354","volume":"134","author":"NR Monteferrante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monteferrante NR, Brian G, Wilhelmi M, Lambert, Francisco A, Ponce (2020) Effects of Implantation of a Deep Brain Stimulation Device on Patient Weight in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Essential Tremor. J Neurosurg 134(5):1624\u20131630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2020.2.JNS192354","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"October","key":"3201_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.08.023","volume":"79","author":"JM Mossner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mossner JM, Chou KL, Amanda H, Maher CC, Persad, Patil PG (2020) Localization of Motor and Verbal Fluency Effects in Subthalamic DBS for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 79(October):55\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.08.023","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(94)00008-d","volume":"20","author":"A Parent","year":"1995","unstructured":"Parent A, Hazrati LN (1995) Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia. II. The Place of Subthalamic Nucleus and External Pallidum in Basal Ganglia Circuitry. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 20(1):128\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-0173(94)00008-d","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"3201_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318270611f","volume":"71","author":"PG Patil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patil PG, Erin C, Conrad J, Wayne Aldridge TL, Chenevert, Chou KL (2012) The Anatomical and Electrophysiological Subthalamic Nucleus Visualized by 3-T Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neurosurgery 71(6):1089\u20131095 discussion 1095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318270611f","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"3201_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38020","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038020","volume":"7","author":"F R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka","year":"2012","unstructured":"R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka F, Jech R, Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1 L, Urgo\u0161\u00edk Du\u0161an, Vymazal J, and Ev\u017een R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka (2012) Weight Gain Is Associated with Medial Contact Site of Subthalamic Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE 7(5):e38020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0038020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"14","key":"3201_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22765","volume":"24","author":"P Sauleau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sauleau P, Leray E, Rouaud T et al (2009) Comparison of Weight Gain and Energy Intake after Subthalamic versus Pallidal Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc 24(14):2149\u20132155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22765","journal-title":"Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc"},{"issue":"14","key":"3201_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26063","volume":"29","author":"P Sauleau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sauleau P, Jeune FL, Drapier S et al (2014) Weight Gain Following Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation: A PET Study. Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc 29(14):1781\u20131787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26063","journal-title":"Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153438","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153438","volume":"11","author":"P Sauleau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sauleau P, Drapier S, Duprez J et al (2016) Weight Gain Following Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation: A PET Study. PLoS ONE 11(4):e0153438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0153438","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"3201_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326280","volume":"93","author":"J Steinhardt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steinhardt J, Hanssen H, Heldmann M et al (2022) Sweets for My Sweet: Modulation of the Limbic System Drives Salience for Sweet Foods after Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 93(3):324\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326280","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40316-0","volume":"13","author":"J Steinhardt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steinhardt J, Lokowandt L, Rasche D et al (2023) Mechanisms and Consequences of Weight Gain after Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Sci Rep 13(1):14202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-40316-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"3201_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5509-4","volume":"257","author":"RE Strowd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strowd RE, Cartwright MS, Passmore LV, Ellis TL, Tatter SB, Siddiqui MS (2010) Weight Change Following Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders. J Neurol 257(8):1293\u20131297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-010-5509-4","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"3201_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","volume":"25","author":"CL Tomlinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tomlinson CL, Stowe R, Patel S, Rick C, Gray R, Clarke CE (2010) Systematic Review of Levodopa Dose Equivalency Reporting in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc 25(15):2649\u20132653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23429","journal-title":"Mov Disorders: Official J Mov Disorder Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"3201_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.01.006","volume":"11","author":"PJ Tuite","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tuite PJ, Maxwell RE, Sayeed Ikramuddin, et al (2005) Weight and Body Mass Index in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients after Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 11(4):247\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.01.006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3201_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.2.0269","volume":"96","author":"J\u00fcrgen Voges","year":"2002","unstructured":"Voges J\u00fcrgen, Volkmann J, Allert N et al (2002) Bilateral High-Frequency Stimulation in the Subthalamic Nucleus for the Treatment of Parkinson Disease: Correlation of Therapeutic Effect with Anatomical Electrode Position. J Neurosurg 96(2):269\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2002.96.2.0269","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.929","volume":"301","author":"FM Weaver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M et al (2009) Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation vs Best Medical Therapy for Patients with Advanced Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 301(1):63\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2008.929","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3201_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31825dcdc1","volume":"79","author":"FM Weaver","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weaver FM, Follett KA, Stern M et al (2012) Randomized Trial of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson Disease: Thirty-Six-Month Outcomes. Neurology 79(1):55\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31825dcdc1","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03201-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03201-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03201-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:19:34Z","timestamp":1792577974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03201-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03201-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Medical Institutional Review Board of the University of Michigan. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients in accordance with the policies of the Medical Institutional Review Board of the University of Michigan. We confirm that we have read the Journal\u2019s position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this work is consistent with those guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}