{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:12:06Z","timestamp":1792782726496,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Rostock","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04dm1cm79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 is frequently associated with cognitive impairment. When symptoms persist for more than four weeks after acute infection, a Long-COVID condition is diagnosed. When persisting more than 12 weeks, Post-COVID ist diagnosed. Cognitive complaints commonly include impairments in attention, memory, and executive functions. However, precise data on the specific pattern and extent of these deficits remain limited. Methods: Results: Conclusions: The findings indicate that attentional impairments are more prevalent than memory deficits in this Post-COVID cohort. Furthermore, distinct cognitive profiles can be identified using cluster analysis, ranging from globally impaired to cognitively preserved subgroups. These results may be relevant for clinical characterization and rehabilitation planning in Post-COVID conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined 88 patients (mean age 50.9 years, 80.7% female) diagnosed with COVID symptoms according to the WHO-criteria. Neuropsychological assessment was performed using a standardized test battery covering attentional performance, working memory, and executive functions. A cluster analysis was conducted to identify subgroups based on cognitive performance profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 55.7% of patients showed below-average attentional performance, whereas memory deficits were less frequent (33.0%). Impairments in executive functions were similarly distributed across the sample. Cluster analysis yielded a three-cluster solution. Cluster 1 (34.1%) was characterized by pronounced impairments across all cognitive domains. Cluster 2 (20.0%) showed generally below-average cognitive performance; however, verbal fluency was preserved at or above average in all participants. In Cluster 3 (17.6%) more than 50% of patients in performed within average to above-average ranges across all cognitive domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that attentional impairments are more prevalent than memory deficits in this Post-COVID cohort. Furthermore, distinct cognitive profiles can be identified using cluster analysis, ranging from globally impaired to cognitively preserved subgroups. These results may be relevant for clinical characterization and rehabilitation planning in Post-COVID conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-026-03209-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:43:37Z","timestamp":1782729817000},"page":"2567-2575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-COVID: a specific neuropsychological profile in performance deficits"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Britta","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Balz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farina","family":"Eggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha","family":"L\u00f6bermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luise","family":"Nostitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Wossidlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil C.","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3209_CR1","unstructured":"Aschenbrenner S, Tucha Oy, Lange KW (2000) Regensburger wortfl\u00fcssigkeits-test: RWT. Hogrefe, Verlag f\u00fcr Psychologie"},{"key":"3209_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceban F, Ling S, Lui LMW, Lee Y, Gill H, Teopiz KM, Rodrigues NB, Subramaniapillai M, Di Vincenzo JD y, Cao B (2022) Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 101, 93\u2013135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020"},{"key":"3209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheetham NJ, Penfold R, Giunchiglia V, Bowyer V, Sudre CH, Canas LS, Deng J, Murray B, Kerfoot E y, Antonelli M (2023) The effects of COVID-19 on cognitive performance in a community-based cohort: a COVID symptom study biobank prospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine, 62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102086"},{"key":"3209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chollet F y, Leger J\u2013M (2023) Long COVID and cognition. European Journal of Neurology, 30(12)","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16082"},{"key":"3209_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cirulli ET, Barrett S, Riffle KM, Bolze S, Neveux A, Dabe I, Grzymski S, Lu JJ, Washington JT (2020) N. L. Long-term COVID-19 symptoms in a large unselected population. Medrxiv, 2020.10. 07.20208702","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.07.20208702"},{"key":"3209_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, Wei H, Low RJ, Re\u2019em Y, Redfield S, Austin JP y, Akrami A (2021) Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine, 38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019"},{"key":"3209_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vries J, Michielsen H, van Heck GL, y Drent M (2004) Measuring fatigue in sarcoidosis: the Fatigue Assessment Scale (Vries 2004). British Journal of Health Psychology, 9(3), 279\u2013291","DOI":"10.1348\/1359107041557048"},{"issue":"1","key":"3209_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03351-w","volume":"22","author":"E Dietz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dietz E, Pritchard E, Pouwels K, Ehsaan M, Blake J, Gaughan C, Haduli E, Boothe H, Vihta K\u2013D, Peto T, Stoesser N, Matthews P, Taylor N, Diamond I, Studley R, Rourke E, Birrell P, de Angelis D, Fowler T, Walker AS (2024) SARS-CoV-2, influenza A\/B and respiratory syncytial virus positivity and association with influenza-like illness and self-reported symptoms, over the 2022\/23 winter season in the UK: a longitudinal surveillance cohort. BMC Med 22(1):143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-024-03351-w","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3209_CR8","unstructured":"Fimm B (2012) Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitspr\u00fcfung (TAP), Version 2.3. Psytest"},{"issue":"1","key":"3209_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09601-6","volume":"23","author":"A Gandjour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gandjour A (2023) Long COVID: Costs for the German economy and health care and pension system. BMC Health Serv Res 23(1):641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-023-09601-6","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3209_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampshire A, Azor A, Atchison C, Trender W, Hellyer PJ, Giunchiglia V, Husain M, Cooke GS, Cooper E y, Lound A (2024) Cognition and memory after Covid-19 in a large community sample. New England Journal of Medicine, 390(9), 806\u2013818","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2311330"},{"key":"3209_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauke-Glei\u00dfner J, Jarvers I, Jordan S, Gerling S, Kabesch M, Brunner R y, Kandsperger S (2025) Neurocognitive and emotional long-term effects of COVID-19 infections in children and adolescents: results from a clinical survey in Bavaria, Germany. BMC Infectious Diseases, 25(1), 411","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10813-w"},{"key":"3209_CR12","unstructured":"Hautzinger M, Keller F, K\u00fchner C (2023) Beck Depression inventory revised. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe"},{"key":"3209_CR36","unstructured":"Hautzinger M, Keller F, K\u00fchner C (2006). BDI-II. The Beck Depressions Inventary. Revision. Manual. Harcourt Test Services"},{"key":"3209_CR13","unstructured":"Helmstaedter C, Lendt My, Lux S (2001) VLMT: Verbaler lern-und merkf\u00e4higkeitstest. Beltz Test"},{"key":"3209_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein R, Soung A, Sissoko C, Nordvig A, Canoll P, Mariani M, Jiang X, Bricker T, Goldman J y, Rosoklija G (2021) COVID-19 induces neuroinflammation and loss of hippocampal neurogenesis. Research Square, rs. 3. rs-1031824","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1031824\/v1"},{"key":"3209_CR15","unstructured":"Lehrl S (2024) Der Mehrfachwahlwortschatztest B. 6. Auflage, G\u00f6ttingen, Hogrefe"},{"issue":"3","key":"3209_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-023-00704-x","volume":"38","author":"C Lemh\u00f6fer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lemh\u00f6fer C, Koczulla AR, Meissner Wy, H\u00e4user W (2024) Aktualisierte S1-Leitlinie Long\/Post-COVID: Relevante Aspekte f\u00fcr die Schmerzmedizin. Der Schmerz 38(3):175\u2013182","journal-title":"Der Schmerz"},{"key":"3209_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y\u2013H, Chen Y, Wang Q\u2013H, Wang L\u2013R, Jiang L, Yang Y, Chen X, Li Y, Cen Y y, Xu C (2022) One-year trajectory of cognitive changes in older survivors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Neurology, 79(5), 509\u2013517","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0461"},{"key":"3209_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michielsen HJ, Vries J de y, van Heck GL (2003) Psychometric qualities of a brief self-rated fatigue measure: The Fatigue Assessment Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(4), 345\u2013352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00392-6"},{"key":"3209_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller A, Song N, Sivan M, Chowdhury R, y Burke MR (2025) Exploring the experiences of cognitive symptoms in Long COVID: a mixed-methods study in the UK. BMJ Open, 15(1), e084999","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-084999"},{"key":"3209_CR20","unstructured":"Morfeld M, Kirchberger J, Bullinger M (2011) Fragebogen zum Gesundheitszustand. 2nd edition, G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe"},{"issue":"4","key":"3209_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","volume":"27","author":"A Nalbandian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR, Nordvig AS, Shalev D, Sehrawat TS, Ahluwalia N, Bikdeli B, Dietz D, Der-Nigoghossian C, Liyanage-Don N, Rosner GF, Bernstein EJ, Mohan S, Beckley AA, Wan EY (2021) Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 27(4):601\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3209_CR22","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2024) COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19."},{"key":"3209_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negrini D, and Schmidt S, L (2023) Comparing online and face-to-face administration of a neuropsychological computerized attention test: Assessment modality does not influence performance. Front Psychol 14:1134047","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1134047"},{"key":"3209_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicotra A, Masserini F, Calcaterra F, Di Vito C, Doneddu PE, Pomati S, Nobile-Orazio E, Riva A, Mavilio D y, Pantoni L (2023) What do we mean by long COVID? A scoping review of the cognitive sequelae of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. European Journal of Neurology, 30(12), 3968\u20133978","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16027"},{"key":"3209_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panagea E, Messinis L, Petri MC, Liampas I, Anyfantis E, Nasios G, Patrikelis P y, Kosmidis M (2025) Neurocognitive impairment in long COVID: a systematic review. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 40(1), 125\u2013149","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acae042"},{"key":"3209_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Razak SA, Ismail R, Abdul Aziz A, Suddin AF, Azzeri LS, Sha\u2019ari A (2024) N. I. Post-COVID syndrome prevalence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 1785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19264-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19264-5"},{"key":"3209_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reuschke D y, Houston D (2023) The impact of Long COVID on the UK workforce. Applied Economics Letters, 30(18), 2510\u20132514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13504851.2022.2098239","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2022.2098239"},{"key":"3209_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riederer P, Ter Meulen V (2020) Coronaviruses: a challenge of today and a call for extended human postmortem brain analyses. J Neural Transm (Vienna). ;127(9):1217\u20131228. doi: 10.1007\/s00702-020-02230-x. Epub 2020 Jul 28. Erratum in: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2022;129(1):127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-021-02356-6. PMID: 32725545; PMCID: PMC7386201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02356-6"},{"key":"3209_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seibert S, Eckert I, Widmann CN, Ebrahimi T, B\u00f6sl F, Franke C, Pr\u00fcss H, Schultze JL, Petzold GC y, Shirvani O (2025) Validity of the test for attentional performance in neurological post-COVID condition. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 24208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18191-8"},{"key":"3209_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV, WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition (2022) A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis 22(4):e102\u2013e107. Epub 2021 Dec 21. PMID: 34951953; PMCID: PMC8691845 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9"},{"key":"3209_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thapaliya K, Inderyas M, Barnden L (2025) Review of Neuroimaging Methods in ME\/CFS. Methods Mol Biol. ;2920:257\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-4498-0_15. PMID: 40372688","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4498-0_15"},{"issue":"3","key":"3209_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10685","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2022.10685","volume":"32","author":"LA Troitskaya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Troitskaya LA, Plotnikova IA, Avakyan GG, Erokhina VA, Badalyan OL, Muraveva AV, Zelentsova VL, Khodko OK, Safarova ST (2022) Neuropsychological evaluation of cognitive disorders in children after COVID-19. Eur J Translational Myology 32(3):10685 y Shirokova, E. I","journal-title":"Eur J Translational Myology"},{"key":"3209_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Shi L, Jiang Z, Zeng N, Mei H, Lu Y, Yang J, Jin F, Ni S y, Wu S (2023) The phenotype and prediction of long-term physical, mental and cognitive COVID-19 sequelae 20 months after recovery, a community-based cohort study in China. Molecular Psychiatry, 28(4), 1793\u20131801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01951-1"},{"key":"3209_CR35","unstructured":"Zimmermann P, Fimm B (2019). Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitspr\u00fcfung (Version 2.3.1). Psytest."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03209-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03209-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03209-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:19:05Z","timestamp":1792577945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03209-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03209-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by Ethics Committee of the University Medical Center of Rostock (reference number A 2020-0086).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional Review Board Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}