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This selective review synthesises empirical markers of language impairment across linguistic domains in autism, sometimes in comparison to other NDCs, while also evaluating theoretically driven assessment tools, both established and currently under development, that implement these markers. Core linguistic markers across the autism spectrum include \u2018social pragmatic\u2019 difficulties, i.e. challenges with irony comprehension, referential expression use, and narrative coherence. Impairment in grammar\/structural language, such as morphosyntax (e.g., tense marking, passives, relative clauses) and phonology (e.g., consonant clusters, as in\n                    <jats:italic>str<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), is observed in a substantial subset of autistic individuals and many other NDCs. Aspects of \u2018linguistic pragmatics,\u2019 such as understanding metaphor and indirect requests, tend to be impaired mainly in autistic individuals who also have structural language difficulties. Other challenges have been reported, including in prosody, semantics and lexical-pragmatics (e.g., mental state terms such as\n                    <jats:italic>think<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fear<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>happy<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), but remain underexplored. We further evaluate several existing and emerging screening tools that target specific linguistic markers and accommodate a wide range of populations, including males and females, multilingual speakers, minimally speaking individuals, and those with varying intellectual abilities. Grounded in theoretical linguistics, these tools are designed to facilitate detailed profiling of language strengths and challenges in autism. Their cross-linguistic design and applicability make them well-suited for cross-syndrome comparisons and the development of tailored interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-026-03227-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:04:05Z","timestamp":1791381845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On markers of linguistic impairment in autism and their implementation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5980-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Perovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Ferr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Manenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rama","family":"Novogrodsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Panzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Pr\u00e9vost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurice","family":"Tuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5613-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeannette","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3227_CR189","unstructured":"Abed Ibrahim L, Hamann C, Chilla S (2026) German LITMUS sentence repetition task: a short version. https:\/\/osf.io\/8kb4n\/overview"},{"key":"3227_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA)","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, 5th edn. 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