{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T12:04:17Z","timestamp":1784981057534,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Innsbruck and Medical University of Innsbruck"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variable combination of autonomic failure, parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia, with a median survival of 8\u201310 years from symptom onset. Its aetiology remains poorly understood, as most cases are sporadic and environmental contributors remain unclear. Neuropathologically, MSA is defined by the accumulation of \u03b1-synuclein within oligodendroglial cells, forming glial cytoplasmic inclusions that drive widespread neurodegeneration in striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems. Recent advances in diagnostic criteria and biomarker development have improved disease recognition; however, early diagnosis remains challenging, particularly during the prodromal phase, when clinical features overlap with other \u03b1-synucleinopathies. Advances in fluid biomarkers and multimodal imaging are expected to facilitate earlier detection, improve diagnostic accuracy, and provide more robust tools for monitoring disease progression. Therapeutic development has largely focused on targeting \u03b1-synuclein pathology, but these approaches have not yet demonstrated consistent clinical benefit, highlighting the biological complexity of MSA. In the absence of curative treatments, management remains largely supportive, aimed at symptom control, particularly addressing autonomic dysfunction and motor impairment. Emerging care models, including telemedicine and multidisciplinary management, are reshaping clinical practice and may improve access to specialized care. Bridging advances in pathophysiology with patient-centred care will be essential for improving outcomes in MSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-026-03235-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T11:47:14Z","timestamp":1784980034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple system atrophy: cure and care"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jolanda","family":"Buonocore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Cali\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Leys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Hopfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter U.","family":"H\u00f6glinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Fanciulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"3235_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007114","volume":"4","author":"A Al-Chalabi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Chalabi A, D\u00fcrr A, Wood NW, Parkinson MH, Camuzat A, Hulot JS, Morrison KE, Renton A, Sussmuth SD, Landwehrmeyer BG, Ludolph A, Agid Y, Brice A, Leigh PN, Bensimon G, NNIPPS Genetic Study Group (2009) Genetic variants of the alpha-synuclein gene SNCA are associated with multiple system atrophy. PLoS ONE 4(9):e7114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0007114","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3235_CR2","unstructured":"Alterity T (2026) ATH434 reduced functional decline vs placebo at Week 52 on MuSyCA, a newly described MSA composite scale. Company press release. https:\/\/alteritytx.com\/announcements"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22653","volume":"62","author":"YT Asi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asi YT, Simpson JE, Heath PR, Wharton SB, Lees AJ, Revesz T, Houlden H, Holton JL (2014) Alpha-synuclein mRNA expression in oligodendrocytes in MSA. Glia 62(6):964\u2013970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.22653","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"3235_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn291","volume":"132","author":"G Bensimon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bensimon G, Ludolph A, Agid Y, Vidailhet M, Payan C, Leigh PN, NNIPPS Study Group (2009) Riluzole treatment, survival and diagnostic criteria in Parkinson plus disorders: the NNIPPS study. Brain 132(Pt 1):156\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awn291","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-024-01049-w","volume":"34","author":"C Breitegger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Breitegger C, Krismer F, Lorenzl S, Schrag A, Jahn B, Knoflach-Gabis A, Gabl C, Prajczer S, Fanciulli A, Schmidhuber M (2024) Advance care planning in multiple system atrophy: ethical challenges and considerations. Clin Auton Res 34(3):321\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-024-01049-w","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3235_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12971","volume":"7","author":"L Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown L, Oswal M, Samra AD, Martin H, Burch N, Colby J, Lindahl A, Skelly R (2020) Mortality and institutionalization after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in parkinson\u2019s disease and related conditions. Mov Disord Clin Pract 7(5):509\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.12971","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"3235_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afaf187","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaf187","volume":"54","author":"B Cali\u00f3","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cali\u00f3 B, Leys F, Matteucci G, Campese N, Rivasi G, G\u00f6bel G, Testa GD, Granata R, D\u00fcrr S, Ndayisaba JP, Radl K, Thurner-Rodriguez M, Seppi K, Poewe W, Kiechl S, Ungar A, Wenning G, Rafanelli M, Fanciulli A (2025) Delayed orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson\u2019s disease and in the general ageing population. Age Ageing 54(7):afaf187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afaf187","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"3235_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70497","author":"B Cali\u00f2","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cali\u00f2 B, Schmidt S, Fanciulli A (2026) Multimodal treatment of neck pain in multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord Clin Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70497","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"3235_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13897","volume":"10","author":"N Campese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Campese N, Cali\u00f2 B, Leys F, Kaltenbach L, G\u00f6bel G, Wanschitz J, Schlager A, Zamarian L, Bannister K, Chaudhuri RK, Schrag A, Granata R, Kiechl S, Poewe W, Seppi K, Wenning G, Fanciulli A (2023) Pain in multiple system atrophy a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 10(12):1738\u20131749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13897","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"3235_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29961","volume":"39","author":"N Campese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campese N, G\u00f6bel G, Wanschitz J, Schlager A, Cali\u00f2 B, Leys F, Bower P, Kellerman L, Zamarian L, Bannister K, Chaudhuri KR, Schrag A, Freeman R, Kaufmann H, Granata R, Kiechl S, Poewe W, Seppi K, Wenning G, Fanciulli A (2024) Pain in multiple system atrophy: a community-based survey. Mov Disord 39(10):1784\u20131798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29961","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3235_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70194","author":"N Campese","year":"2026","unstructured":"Campese N, Qamar MA, Chiriac MA, G\u00f6bel G, Wanschitz J, Schlager A, Cali\u00f2 B, Leys F, Bower P, Zamarian L, Schrag A, Freeman R, Kaufmann H, Granata R, Kiechl S, Poewe W, Seppi K, Wenning G, Chaudhuri KR, Fanciulli A (2026) Types of pain in multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.70194","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-025-01109-9","volume":"35","author":"WP Cheshire","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheshire WP, Tipton PW, Koga S, Sekiya H, Uitti RJ, Ross OA, Heckman MG, Sledge HJ, Dickson DW (2025) Occupational histories in neuropathologically confirmed multiple system atrophy. Clin Auton Res 35(3):421\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-025-01109-9","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"3235_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.04.002","volume":"112","author":"R Chia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chia R, Ray A, Shah Z, Ding J, Ruffo P, Fujita M, Menon V, Saez-Atienzar S, Reho P, Kaivola K, Walton RL, Reynolds RH, Karra R, Sait S, Akcimen F, Diez-Fairen M, Alvarez I, Fanciulli A, Stefanova N, Seppi K, Duerr S, Leys F, Krismer F, Sidoroff V, Zimprich A, Pirker W, Rascol O, Foubert-Samier A, Meissner WG, Tison F, Pavy-Le Traon A, Pellecchia MT, Barone P, Russillo MC, Mar\u00edn-Lahoz J, Kulisevsky J, Torres S, Mir P, Peri\u00f1\u00e1n MT, Proukakis C, Chelban V, Wu L, Goh YY, Parkkinen L, Hu MT, Kobylecki C, Saxon JA, Rollinson S, Garland E, Biaggioni I, Litvan I, Rubio I, Alcalay RN, Kwei KT, Lubbe SJ, Mao Q, Flanagan ME, Castellani RJ, Khurana V, Ndayisaba A, Calvo A, Mora G, Canosa A, Floris G, Bohannan RC, Moore A, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Palma JA, Kaufmann H, Kim C, Iba M, Masliah E, Dawson TM, Rosenthal LS, Pantelyat A, Albert MS, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Infante J, Lage C, S\u00e1nchez-Juan P, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Pastor P, Morris HR, Albani D, Clarimon J, Wenning GK, Hardy JA, Ryten M, Topol E, Torkamani A, Chi\u00f2 A, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Low PA, Singer W, Cheshire WP, Wszolek ZK, Dickson DW, Traynor BJ, Gibbs JR, Dalgard CL, Ross OA, Houlden H, Scholz SW (2024) Genome sequence analyses identify novel risk loci for multiple system atrophy. Neuron 112(13):2142\u20132156. e5","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"3235_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf191","volume":"149","author":"G Chiaro","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chiaro G, Vichayanrat E, Koay S, Rogeau A, Ingle GT, McNamara P, Watson L, Bomanji J, Mathias CJ, Iodice V (2026) Pure autonomic failure: a natural history study of the Queen Square cohort. Brain 149(2):606\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaf191","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3235_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chung SJ, Lee TY, Lee YH, Baik K, Jung JH, Yoo HS, Shim CJ, Eom H, Hong JY, Kim DJ, Sohn YH, Lee PH (2021) Phase I trial of intra-arterial administration of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with multiple system atrophy. Stem Cells Int. 2021:9886877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9886877","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9886877"},{"key":"3235_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642412993","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241299347","volume":"18","author":"R Cilia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cilia R, Colucci F, Suppa A, Valentino F, Terranova C, Leuzzi C, Cordasco J, Fusi G, Floridia S, De Giorgi F, Telese R, Braccia A, Zampogna A, Pinola G, Patera M, Belluscio G, Crivellari S, Antoniazzi E, Cascino S, Giaco A, Masaracchio A, Moreschi GC, Catotti M, Eleopra R (2025) Integrated management of atypical parkinsonism: a home-based patient-centered healthcare delivery based on telenursing-the IMPACT study protocol. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 18:17562864241299347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864241299347","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"3235_CR18","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov A study of Lu AF82422 in participants with multiple system atrophy (AMULET) [NCT05104476]. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05104476"},{"key":"3235_CR17","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov Study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ION464 administered to adults with multiple system atrophy (HORIZON) [NCT04165486]. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04165486"},{"key":"3235_CR21","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov A study to evaluate the effects of ACI-7104.056 in patients with early stages of parkinson\u2019s disease (VacSYn) [NCT06015841]. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06015841"},{"key":"3235_CR23","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov A trial of amlenetug (Lu AF82422) in participants with multiple system atrophy (MSA) (MASCOT) [NCT06706622]. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06706622"},{"key":"3235_CR24","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov A phase 2 study of YA-101 in patients with multiple system atrophy [NCT06848231]. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06848231"},{"key":"3235_CR20","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov A phase 2 study of ONO-2808 in patients with multiple system atrophy [NCT05923866]. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05923866"},{"key":"3235_CR19","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov UB-312 in patients with synucleinopathies [NCT05634876]. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05634876"},{"key":"3235_CR22","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov A trial to test if TEV-56286 is effective for treatment of participants with multiple system atrophy (TOPAS-MSA) [NCT06568237]. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06568237"},{"issue":"7","key":"3235_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e889","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010002","volume":"95","author":"EA Coon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coon EA, Mandrekar JN, Berini SE, Benarroch EE, Sandroni P, Low PA, Singer W (2020) Predicting phenoconversion in pure autonomic failure. Neurology 95(7):e889\u2013e897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3235_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020269","volume":"13","author":"F De Nuccio","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Nuccio F, Kashyrina M, Serinelli F, Laferri\u00e8re F, Lofrumento DD, De Giorgi F, Ichas F (2023) Oligodendrocytes prune axons containing \u03b1-synuclein aggregates in vivo: lewy neurites as precursors of glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system. Atrophy? Biomolecules 13(2):269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13020269","journal-title":"Atrophy? Biomolecules"},{"issue":"7","key":"3235_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214108","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214108","volume":"105","author":"A Delva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Delva A, Fereshtehnejad SM, Vo A, Yao CW, Pelletier A, Montplaisir J, Gagnon JF, Postuma R (2025) Evolution of motor and nonmotor characteristics in an idiopathic\/isolated REM sleep behavior disorder cohort. Neurology 105(7):e214108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214108","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22732","volume":"25","author":"R Dodel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dodel R, Spottke A, Gerhard A, Reuss A, Reinecker S, Schimke N, Trenkwalder C, Sixel-D\u00f6ring F, Herting B, Kamm C, Gasser T, Sawires M, Geser F, K\u00f6llensperger M, Seppi K, Kloss M, Krause M, Daniels C, Deuschl G, B\u00f6ttger S, Naumann M, Lipp A, Gruber D, Kupsch A, Du Y, Turkheimer F, Brooks DJ, Klockgether T, Poewe W, Wenning G, Schade-Brittinger C, Oertel WH, Eggert K (2010) Minocycline 1-year therapy in multiple-system-atrophy: effect on clinical symptoms and [(11)C] (R)-PK11195 PET (MEMSA-trial). Mov Disord 25(1):97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22732","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"3235_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03101-8","volume":"30","author":"P Eijsvogel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eijsvogel P, Misra P, Concha-Marambio L, Boyd JD, Ding S, Fedor L, Hsieh YT, Sun YS, Vroom MM, Farris CM, Ma Y, de Kam ML, Radanovic I, Vissers MFJM, Mirski D, Shareghi G, Shahnawaz M, Singer W, Kremer P, Groeneveld GJ, Yu HJ, Dodart JC (2024) Target engagement and immunogenicity of an active immunotherapeutic targeting pathological \u03b1-synuclein: a phase 1 placebo-controlled trial. Nat Med 30(9):2631\u20132640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03101-8","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"3235_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.05.006","volume":"112","author":"H Endo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Endo H, Ono M, Takado Y, Matsuoka K, Takahashi M, Tagai K, Kataoka Y, Hirata K, Takahata K, Seki C, Kokubo N, Fujinaga M, Mori W, Nagai Y, Mimura K, Kumata K, Kikuchi T, Shimozawa A, Mishra SK, Yamaguchi Y, Shimizu H, Kakita A, Takuwa H, Shinotoh H, Shimada H, Kimura Y, Ichise M, Suhara T, Minamimoto T, Sahara N, Kawamura K, Zhang MR, Hasegawa M, Higuchi M (2024) Imaging \u03b1-synuclein pathologies in animal models and patients with Parkinson\u2019s and related diseases. Neuron 112(15):2540\u20132557e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.05.006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"11","key":"3235_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70283","volume":"12","author":"M Fabbri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fabbri M, Harroch E, Camgrand E, Bastos PAD, Meissner WG, Llorca MC, Travere C, Kermorgant M, Rascol O, Leung C, Roy A, Pavy-Le-Traon A, Mohara C, Scotto D, Apollonia C, Bendetowicz D, Foubert-Samier A, Brefel-Courbon C (2025) Development and feasibility of a mixed virtual and in-presence therapeutic education program for early multiple system atrophy patients. Mov Disord Clin Pract 12(11):1900\u20131908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70283","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.70028","volume":"99","author":"M Fabbri","year":"2026","unstructured":"Fabbri M, Del Campo N, Meissner WG, Rousseau V, Sommet A, Payoux P, Gantet P, Drif A, Catal\u00e1 H, Thalamas C, Tranchant C, Durif F, Marques A, Eusebio A, Defebvre L, Corvol JC, Thobois S, Flaus A, Corbille AG, Frismand S, Patterson B, Foubert-Samier A, Traon AP, Arribarat G, P\u00e9ran P, Rascol O, ASPIRE Study Group (2026) Disease progression in multiple system atrophy: the ASPIRE multi-modal biomarker study. Ann Neurol 99(1):96\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.70028","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1311488","volume":"372","author":"A Fanciulli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fanciulli A, Wenning GK (2015) Multiple-system atrophy. N Engl J Med 372(3):249\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1311488","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3235_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac175","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac175","volume":"4","author":"A Fanciulli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fanciulli A, Leys F, Lehner F, Sidoroff V, Ruf VC, Raccagni C, Mahlknecht P, Kuipers DJS, van IJcken WFJ, Stockner H, Musacchio T, Volkmann J, Monoranu CM, Stankovic I, Breedveld G, Ferraro F, Fevga C, Windl O, Herms J, Kiechl S, Poewe W, Seppi K, Stefanova N, Scholz SW, Bonifati V, Wenning GK (2022) A multiplex pedigree with pathologically confirmed multiple system atrophy and Parkinson\u2019s disease with dementia. Brain Commun 4(4):fcac175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac175","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"3235_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fanciulli A, Leys F, Krbot Skori\u0107 M, Carneiro DR, Calandra-Buonaura G, Camaradou J, Chiaro G, Cortelli P, Falup-Pecurariu C, Granata R, Guaraldi P, Helbok R, Hilz MJ, Iodice V, Jordan J, Kaal ECA, Kamondi A, Le Pavy A, Rocha I, Sellner J, Senard JM, Terkelsen A, Wenning GK, Moro E, Berger T, Thijs RD, Struhal W, Habek M Collaborators of European Network of Neurological ANS laboratories (2023a) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical autonomic practice in Europe A survey of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and the European Federation of Autonomic Societies (EFAS). Eur J Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15787","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15787"},{"key":"3235_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fanciulli A, Skori\u0107 MK, Leys F, Carneiro DR, Campese N, Calandra-Buonaura G, Camaradou J, Chiaro G, Cortelli P, Falup-Pecurariu C, Granata R, Guaraldi P, Helbok R, Hilz MJ, Iodice V, Jordan J, Kaal ECA, Kamondi A, Le Traon AP, Rocha I, Sellner J, Senard JM, Terkelsen A, Wenning GK, Moro E, Berger T, Thijs RD, Struhal W, Habek M Collaborators of European Network of Neurological Autonomic Laboratories (2023b) EFAS\/EAN survey on the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on European clinical autonomic education and research. Clin Auton Res 33(6):777\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-023-00985-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-023-00985-3"},{"key":"3235_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-02933-z","author":"A Fanciulli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fanciulli A, Cali\u00f2 B, Schmidt S, Goebel G, Leys F, Radl K, Breitegger C, Arvandi M, Blum A, Gabl C, Galvan O, Herms A, H\u00f6gl B, Holzner B, Jagusch F, Kiechl S, Knoflach-Gabis A, Koegl M, Kuchin I, Lorenzl S, Poewe W, Prajczer S, Rumpold G, Schlager A, Schrag A, Seppi K, Siebert U, Sch\u00f6nherr G, Sroczynski G, Schmidhuber M, Schwingenschuh P, Jahn B, Krismer F, Wenning GK (2025) MeDeMSA care study protocol: developing personalized best medical care with integrated mobile palliative and telemedicine support for individuals with multiple system atrophy. J Neural Transm (Vienna). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-025-02933-z","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3235_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-03096-7","volume":"133","author":"A Fanciulli","year":"2026","unstructured":"Fanciulli A, Leys F, H\u00f6glinger G, Jost WH (2026) How to treat cardiovascular autonomic failure in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 133(2):215\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-025-03096-7","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"3235_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.005","volume":"22","author":"M Federoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Federoff M, Price TR, Sailer A, Scholz S, Hernandez D, Nicolas A, Singleton AB, Nalls M, Houlden H (2016) Genome-wide estimate of the heritability of multiple system atrophy. Parkinson Relat Disord 22:35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.005","journal-title":"Parkinson Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02316-0","volume":"142","author":"N Ferreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferreira N, Gram H, Sorrentino ZA, Gregersen E, Schmidt SI, Reimer L, Betzer C, Perez-Gozalbo C, Beltoja M, Nagaraj M, Wang J, Nowak JS, Dong M, Will\u00e9n K, Cholak E, Bjerregaard-Andersen K, Mendez N, Rabadia P, Shahnawaz M, Soto C, Otzen DE, Akbey \u00dc, Meyer M, Giasson BI, Romero-Ramos M, Jensen PH (2021) Multiple system atrophy-associated oligodendroglial protein p25\u03b1 stimulates formation of novel \u03b1-synuclein strain with enhanced neurodegenerative potential. Acta Neuropathol 142(1):87\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-021-02316-0","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212877","volume":"12","author":"DI Finkelstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finkelstein DI, Shukla JJ, Cherny RA, Billings JL, Saleh E, Stefanova N, Barnham KJ, Adlard PA (2022) The compound ATH434 prevents alpha-synuclein toxicity in a murine model of multiple system atrophy. J Parkinsons Dis 12(1):105\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-212877","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"3235_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.11.024","volume":"94","author":"A Foubert-Samier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Foubert-Samier A, Pavy-Le Traon A, Saulnier T, Le-Goff M, Fabbri M, Helmer C, Rascol O, Proust-Lima C, Meissner WG (2022) An item response theory analysis of the unified multiple system atrophy rating scale. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 94:40\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.11.024","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"3235_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000254458.17630.c5","volume":"68","author":"J Fuchs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fuchs J, Nilsson C, Kachergus J, Munz M, Larsson EM, Sch\u00fcle B, Langston JW, Middleton FA, Ross OA, Hulihan M, Gasser T, Farrer MJ (2007) Phenotypic variation in a large Swedish pedigree due to SNCA duplication and triplication. Neurology 68(12):916\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000254458.17630.c5","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"0 1","key":"3235_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70010-5","volume":"20","author":"S Fujioka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fujioka S, Ogaki K, Tacik PM, Uitti RJ, Ross OA, Wszolek ZK (2014) Update on novel familial forms of Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy. Parkinson Relat Disord 20(0 1):S29\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70010-5","journal-title":"Parkinson Relat Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"3235_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28220","volume":"35","author":"F Gandor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gandor F, Vogel A, Claus I, Ahring S, Gruber D, Heinze HJ, Dziewas R, Ebersbach G, Warnecke T (2020) Laryngeal movement disorders in multiple system atrophy: a diagnostic biomarker? Mov Disord 35(12):2174\u20132183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28220","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3235_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29291","volume":"38","author":"ME Garcia-Segura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garcia-Segura ME, Perez-Rodriguez D, Chambers D, Jaunmuktane Z, Proukakis C (2023) Somatic SNCA copy number variants in multiple system atrophy are related to pathology and inclusions. Mov Disord 38(2):338\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29291","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"13","key":"3235_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1245","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006243","volume":"91","author":"G Giannini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giannini G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Asioli GM, Cecere A, Barletta G, Mignani F, Ratti S, Guaraldi P, Provini F, Cortelli P (2018) The natural history of idiopathic autonomic failure: the IAF-BO cohort study. Neurology 91(13):e1245\u2013e1254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006243","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"3235_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000324625.00404.15","volume":"71","author":"S Gilman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA, Brooks DJ, Mathias CJ, Trojanowski JQ, Wood NW, Colosimo C, D\u00fcrr A, Fowler CJ, Kaufmann H, Klockgether T, Lees A, Poewe W, Quinn N, Revesz T, Robertson D, Sandroni P, Seppi K, Vidailhet M (2008) Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology 71(9):670\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000324625.00404.15","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3235_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000985","volume":"34","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Duarte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Duarte A, Varma-Doyle A, Freeman R (2021) Pure autonomic failure and the differential diagnosis of autonomic peripheral neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 34(5):675\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000985","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3235_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13710","volume":"10","author":"A Grossauer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grossauer A, Hemicker G, Krismer F, Peball M, Djamshidian A, Poewe W, Seppi K, Heim B (2023) \u03b1-Synuclein seed amplification assays in the diagnosis of synucleinopathies using cerebrospinal fluid-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 10(5):737\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13710","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00481-5","volume":"9","author":"Y Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo Y, Shen XN, Huang SY, Chen SF, Wang HF, Zhang W, Zhang YR, Cheng W, Cui M, Dong Q, Yu JT (2023) Head-to-head comparison of 6 plasma biomarkers in early multiple system atrophy. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 9(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-023-00481-5","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"3235_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Habek M, Leys F, Krbot Skori\u0107 M, Reis Carneiro D, Calandra-Buonaura G, Camaradou J, Chiaro G, Cortelli P, Falup-Pecurariu C, Granata R, Guaraldi P, Helbok R, Hilz MJ, Iodice V, Jordan J, Kaal ECA, Kamondi A, Le Pavy A, Rocha I, Sellner J, Senard JM, Terkelsen A, Wenning GK, Berger T, Thijs RD, Struhal W, Fanciulli A Collaborators of the European Network of Clinical ANS laboratories (2022) Clinical autonomic nervous system laboratories in Europe: A joint survey of the European Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Autonomic Societies: A joint survey of the European Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Autonomic Societies. Eur J Neurol 29(12):3633\u20133646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15538","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15538"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.1.90","volume":"56","author":"PA Hanna","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hanna PA, Jankovic J, Kirkpatrick JB (1999) Multiple system atrophy: the putative causative role of environmental toxins. Arch Neurol 56(1):90\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.56.1.90","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3235_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.4.545","volume":"64","author":"K Hara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hara K, Momose Y, Tokiguchi S, Shimohata M, Terajima K, Onodera O, Kakita A, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Hirasawa M, Mizuno Y, Ogata K, Goto J, Kanazawa I, Nishizawa M, Tsuji S (2007) Multiplex families with multiple system atrophy. Arch Neurol 64(4):545\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.64.4.545","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"24","key":"3235_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001078","volume":"83","author":"MG Heckman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heckman MG, Schottlaender L, Soto-Ortolaza AI, Diehl NN, Rayaprolu S, Ogaki K, Fujioka S, Murray ME, Cheshire WP, Uitti RJ, Wszolek ZK, Farrer MJ, Sailer A, Singleton AB, Chinnery PF, Keogh MJ, Gentleman SM, Holton JL, Aoife K, Mann DM, Al-Sarraj S, Troakes C, Dickson DW, Houlden H, Ross OA (2014) LRRK2 exonic variants and risk of multiple system atrophy. Neurology 83(24):2256\u20132261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001078","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3235_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27562","volume":"34","author":"A Heras-Garvin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heras-Garvin A, Weckbecker D, Ryazanov S, Leonov A, Griesinger C, Giese A, Wenning GK, Stefanova N (2019) Anle138b modulates \u03b1-synuclein oligomerization and prevents motor decline and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 34(2):255\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27562","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"3235_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28714","volume":"36","author":"A Heras-Garvin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heras-Garvin A, Refolo V, Schmidt C, Malfertheiner K, Wenning GK, Bradbury M, Stamler D, Stefanova N (2021) ATH434 Reduces \u03b1-synuclein-related neurodegeneration in a murine model of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 36(11):2605\u20132614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28714","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3235_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-02892-5","author":"A Heras-Garvin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heras-Garvin A, Fellner L, Granata R, Wenning GK, Stefanova N (2025) Transcriptional dysregulation in the cerebellum triggered by oligodendroglial \u03b1-synucleinopathy: insights from a transgenic mouse into the early disease mechanisms of MSA. J Neural Transm (Vienna). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-025-02892-5","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"11","key":"3235_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.07.007","volume":"1865","author":"M Herrera-Vaquero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herrera-Vaquero M, Bouquio D, Kallab M, Biggs K, Nair G, Ochoa J, Heras-Garvin A, Heid C, Hadrovic I, Poewe W, Wenning GK, Kl\u00e4rner FG, Schrader T, Bitan G, Stefanova N (2019) The molecular tweezer CLR01 reduces aggregated, pathologic, and seeding-competent \u03b1-synuclein in experimental multiple system atrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1865(11):165513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.07.007","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"3235_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29164","volume":"37","author":"F Hopfner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hopfner F, Tietz AK, Ruf VC, Ross OA, Koga S, Dickson D, Aguzzi A, Attems J, Beach T, Beller A, Cheshire WP, van Deerlin V, Desplats P, Deuschl G, Duyckaerts C, Ellinghaus D, Evsyukov V, Flanagan ME, Franke A, Frosch MP, Gearing M, Gelpi E, van Gerpen JA, Ghetti B, Glass JD, Grinberg LT, Halliday G, Helbig I, H\u00f6llerhage M, Huitinga I, Irwin DJ, Keene DC, Kovacs GG, Lee EB, Levin J, Mart\u00ed MJ, Mackenzie I, McKeith I, Mclean C, Mollenhauer B, Neumann M, Newell KL, Pantelyat A, Pendziwiat M, Peters A, Molina Porcel L, Rabano A, Mat\u011bj R, Rajput A, Rajput A, Reimann R, Scott WK, Seeley W, Selvackadunco S, Simuni T, Stadelmann C, Svenningsson P, Thomas A, Trenkwalder C, Troakes C, Trojanowski JQ, Uitti RJ, White CL, Wszolek ZK, Xie T, Ximelis T, Yebenes J, M\u00fcller U, Schellenberg GD, Herms J, Kuhlenb\u00e4umer G, H\u00f6glinger G (2022) Common variants near ZIC1 and ZIC4 in autopsy-confirmed multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 37(10):2110\u20132121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29164","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3235_CR61","unstructured":"Inhibikase Therapeutics Press Release. https:\/\/www.inhibikase.com\/news\/press-release\/detail\/77\/inhibikase-therapeutics-announces-fda-has-lifted-the-full"},{"key":"3235_CR62","unstructured":"Ionis P https:\/\/ionis.com\/science-and-innovation\/pipeline"},{"issue":"4","key":"3235_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70022-4","volume":"11","author":"M Jecmenica-Lukic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jecmenica-Lukic M, Poewe W, Tolosa E, Wenning GK (2012) Premotor signs and symptoms of multiple system atrophy. Lancet Neurol 11(4):361\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70022-4","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3235_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A9078","author":"N Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin N, Li J, Chen X, Kang Y, Wang H, Wang X, Zheng X, Lin Z, Wang B, Luo W (2025) Correlation of MRI markers with clinical features in multiple system atrophy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ajnr A9078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A9078","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ajnr A9078"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-015-9547-7","volume":"28","author":"C Kaindlstorfer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaindlstorfer C, Sommer P, Georgievska B, Mather RJ, Kugler AR, Poewe W, Wenning GK, Stefanova N (2015) Failure of neuroprotection despite microglial suppression by delayed-start myeloperoxidase inhibition in a model of advanced multiple system atrophy: clinical implications. Neurotox Res 28(3):185\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12640-015-9547-7","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"3235_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00452","volume":"12","author":"M Kallab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kallab M, Herrera-Vaquero M, Johannesson M, Eriksson F, Sigvardson J, Poewe W, Wenning GK, Nordstr\u00f6m E, Stefanova N (2018) Region-specific effects of immunotherapy with antibodies targeting \u03b1-synuclein in a transgenic model of synucleinopathy. Front Neurosci 12:452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00452","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"3235_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12647-z","volume":"271","author":"S Katzdobler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Katzdobler S, N\u00fcbling G, Klietz M, Fietzek UM, Palleis C, Bernhardt AM, Wegner F, Huber M, Rogozinski S, Schneider LS, Spruth EJ, Beyle A, Vogt IR, Brandt M, Hansen N, Glanz W, Brockmann K, Spottke A, Hoffmann DC, Peters O, Priller J, Wiltfang J, D\u00fczel E, Schneider A, Falkenburger B, Klockgether T, Gasser T, Nuscher B, Haass C, H\u00f6glinger G, Levin J (2024) GFAP and NfL as fluid biomarkers for clinical disease severity and disease progression in multiple system atrophy (MSA). J Neurol 271(10):6991\u20136999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12647-z","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3235_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24877","volume":"81","author":"H Kaufmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaufmann H, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Palma JA, Biaggioni I, Low PA, Singer W, Goldstein DS, Peltier AC, Shibao CA, Gibbons CH, Freeman R, Robertson D, Autonomic Disorders Consortium (2017) Natural history of pure autonomic failure: A United States prospective cohort. Ann Neurol 81(2):287\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24877","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3235_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1096-7","volume":"125","author":"AP Kiely","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kiely AP, Asi YT, Kara E, Limousin P, Ling H, Lewis P, Proukakis C, Quinn N, Lees AJ, Hardy J, Revesz T, Houlden H, Holton JL (2013) \u03b1-Synucleinopathy associated with G51D SNCA mutation: a link between Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy? Acta Neuropathol 125(5):753\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1096-7","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"3235_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Jeon BS, Shin J, Lee WW, Park H, Jung YJ, Ehm G (2014) Should genetic testing for SCAs be included in the diagnostic workup for MSA? Neurology 83(19):1733-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000965","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000965"},{"key":"3235_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kj\u00e6rsgaard L, Wiedemann J, Singer W, Takeda A, Berger AK, Flensburg MF, Hansen L, Kallunki P, Kompus K, Nighah K, Schmidt SN, J\u00f8rgensen MN, Svanholm Fogh B, Zanigni S, Luthman J, AMULET Trial Group (2026) Safety and efficacy of the anti-\u03b1-synuclein monoclonal antibody amlenetug for the treatment of patients with multiple system atrophy (AMULET): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. S1474-4422(26)00100-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(26)00100-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(26)00100-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1212\/cont.0000000000001640","volume":"31","author":"BM Kluger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kluger BM (2025) Neuropalliative care in movement disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 31(6):1637\u20131656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/cont.0000000000001640","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3235_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001807","volume":"85","author":"S Koga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koga S, Aoki N, Uitti RJ, van Gerpen JA, Cheshire WP, Josephs KA, Wszolek ZK, Langston JW, Dickson DW (2015) When DLB, PD, and PSP masquerade as MSA: an autopsy study of 134 patients. Neurology 85(5):404\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001807","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27013","volume":"32","author":"S Koga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koga S, Ono M, Sahara N, Higuchi M, Dickson DW (2017) Fluorescence and autoradiographic evaluation of tau PET ligand PBB3 to \u03b1-synuclein pathology. Mov Disord 32(6):884\u2013892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3235_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106551","volume":"198","author":"T Kon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kon T, Forrest SL, Lee S, Li J, Chasiotis H, Nassir N, Uddin MJ, Lang AE, Kovacs GG (2024) SNCA and TPPP transcripts increase in oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol Dis 198:106551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106551","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3235_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13051-x","volume":"272","author":"W Kou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kou W, Li S, Yan R, Zhang J, Wan Z, Feng T (2025) Cerebrospinal fluid and blood neurofilament light chain in Parkinson\u2019s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Neurol 272(4):311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13051-x","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70219","volume":"41","author":"N Kouki","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kouki N, Pavy-Le Traon A, Chelban V, Chanquoy F, Fabbri M, Bendetowicz D, Houlden H, Schottlaender LV, Rascol O, Foubert-Samier A, Meissner WG (2026) The LRRK2 G2385R exonic variant: a potential genetic disease modifier of multiple system atrophy? Mov Disord 41(3):792\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.70219","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"3235_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28993","volume":"37","author":"F Krismer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krismer F, Seppi K, J\u00f6nsson L, \u00c5str\u00f6m DO, Berger AK, Simonsen J, Gordon MF, Wenning GK, Poewe W, European Multiple System Atrophy Study Group Natural History Study Investigators; Rasagiline-for-Multiple System Atrophy Investigators (2022) Sensitivity to change and patient-centricity of the unified multiple system atrophy rating scale items: a data-driven analysis. Mov Disord 37(7):1425\u20131431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28993","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"3235_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00396-X","volume":"23","author":"F Krismer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krismer F, Fanciulli A, Meissner WG, Coon EA, Wenning GK (2024a) Multiple system atrophy: advances in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 23(12):1252\u20131266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00396-X","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29633","volume":"39","author":"F Krismer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krismer F, P\u00e9ran P, Beliveau V, Seppi K, Arribarat G, Pavy-Le Traon A, Meissner WG, Foubert-Samier A, Fabbri M, Schocke MM, Gordon MF, Wenning GK, Poewe W, Rascol O, Scherfler C (2024b) Progressive brain atrophy in multiple system atrophy: a longitudinal, multicenter, magnetic resonance imaging study. Mov Disord 39(1):119\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29633","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3235_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-02964-6","author":"F Krismer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Krismer F, Seppi K, Poewe W (2025) The role of neuro-imaging in multiple system atrophy. J Neural Transm (Vienna). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-025-02964-6","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"8","key":"3235_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214174","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214174","volume":"105","author":"B Krzyzanowski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Krzyzanowski B, Beyene KM, Turner JR, Racette BA (2025) Ambient trichloroethylene exposure and parkinson disease risk in medicare beneficiaries. Neurology 105(8):e214174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214174","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"3235_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15475","volume":"29","author":"MC Kuo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuo MC, Lu YC, Tai CH, Soong BW, Hu FC, Chen ML, Lin CH, Wu RM (2022) COQ2 and SNCA polymorphisms interact with environmental factors to modulate the risk of multiple system atrophy and subtype disposition. Eur J Neurol 29(10):2956\u20132966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15475","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23612","volume":"72","author":"PH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee PH, Lee JE, Kim HS, Song SK, Lee HS, Nam HS, Cheong JW, Jeong Y, Park HJ, Kim DJ, Nam CM, Lee JD, Kim HO, Sohn YH (2012) A randomized trial of mesenchymal stem cells in multiple system atrophy. Ann Neurol 72(1):32\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.23612","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00217-y","volume":"9","author":"M Lemos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lemos M, Venezia S, Refolo V, Heras-Garvin A, Schmidhuber S, Giese A, Leonov A, Ryazanov S, Griesinger C, Galabova G, Staffler G, Wenning GK, Stefanova N (2020) Targeting \u03b1-synuclein by PD03 AFFITOPE\u00ae and Anle138b rescues neurodegenerative pathology in a model of multiple system atrophy: clinical relevance. Transl Neurodegener 9(1):38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-020-00217-y","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"issue":"11","key":"3235_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29202","volume":"37","author":"F Leys","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leys F, Eschlb\u00f6ck S, Campese N, Mahlknecht P, Peball M, Goebel G, Sidoroff V, Granata R, Bonifati V, Zschocke J, Kiechl S, Poewe W, Seppi K, Wenning GK, Fanciulli A (2022) Family history for neurodegeneration in multiple system atrophy: does it indicate susceptibility? Mov Disord 37(11):2310\u20132312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29202","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3235_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-024-01028-1","volume":"34","author":"F Leys","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leys F, Eschlb\u00f6ck S, Campese N, Mahlknecht P, Peball M, Goebel G, Sidoroff V, Krismer F, Granata R, Kiechl S, Poewe W, Seppi K, Wenning GK, Fanciulli A (2024) Sex-related differences in the clinical presentation of multiple system atrophy. Clin Auton Res 34(2):253\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-024-01028-1","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-026-01272-4","volume":"12","author":"L Lin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lin L, Li J, Zhu S, Zhang Z, Li Z, Xu P, Guo W (2026) Micro-nanoplastics and Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence and perspectives. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 12(1):56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-026-01272-4","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3235_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12269-5","volume":"271","author":"M Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu M, Wang Z, Shang H (2024) Multiple system atrophy: an update and emerging directions of biomarkers and clinical trials. J Neurol 271(5):2324\u20132344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12269-5","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3235_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00058-7","volume":"14","author":"PA Low","year":"2015","unstructured":"Low PA, Reich SG, Jankovic J, Shults CW, Stern MB, Novak P, Tanner CM, Gilman S, Marshall FJ, Wooten F, Racette B, Chelimsky T, Singer W, Sletten DM, Sandroni P, Mandrekar J (2015) Natural history of multiple system atrophy in the USA: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 14(7):710\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00058-7","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-026-03716-3","volume":"23","author":"M Luque","year":"2026","unstructured":"Luque M, Matic M, Heras-Garvin A, Amo-Aparicio J, Luk KC, Haindl MT, Khalil M, Skouras DB, Dinarello CA, Stefanova N (2026) Clinically advanced NLRP3 inhibitor modulates microglial transcriptome and alleviates \u03b1-synuclein-induced progression of parkinsonism. J Neuroinflammation 23(1):76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-026-03716-3","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"12","key":"3235_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00395-8","volume":"23","author":"Y Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma Y, Farris CM, Weber S, Schade S, Nguyen H, P\u00e9rez-Soriano A, Giraldo DM, Fern\u00e1ndez M, Soto M, C\u00e1mara A, Painous C, Mu\u00f1oz E, Valldeoriola F, Mart\u00ed MJ, Clarimon J, Kallunki P, Ma TC, Alcalay RN, Gomes BF, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Constantinescu J, Mengel D, Kadam V, Parchi P, Brockmann K, Tropea TF, Siderowf A, Synofzik M, Kang UJ, Compta Y, Svenningsson P, Mollenhauer B, Concha-Marambio L (2024) Sensitivity and specificity of a seed amplification assay for diagnosis of multiple system atrophy: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Neurol 23(12):1225\u20131237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00395-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3235_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29186","volume":"37","author":"K Matsuoka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsuoka K, Ono M, Takado Y, Hirata K, Endo H, Ohfusa T, Kojima T, Yamamoto T, Onishi T, Orihara A, Tagai K, Takahata K, Seki C, Shinotoh H, Kawamura K, Shimizu H, Shimada H, Kakita A, Zhang MR, Suhara T, Higuchi M (2022) High-contrast imaging of \u03b1-synuclein pathologies in living patients with multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 37(10):2159\u20132161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29186","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"3235_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28218","volume":"35","author":"WG Meissner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meissner WG, Traon AP, Foubert-Samier A, Galabova G, Galitzky M, Kutzelnigg A, Laurens B, L\u00fchrs P, Medori R, P\u00e9ran P, Sabatini U, Vergnet S, Volc D, Poewe W, Schneeberger A, Staffler G, Rascol O, AFF009 Study Investigators (2020) A phase 1 randomized trial of specific active \u03b1-synuclein immunotherapies PD01A and PD03A in multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 35(11):1957\u20131965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28218","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3235_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00363","volume":"10","author":"JJ Mendoza-Vel\u00e1squez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mendoza-Vel\u00e1squez JJ, Flores-V\u00e1zquez JF, Barr\u00f3n-Vel\u00e1zquez E, Sosa-Ortiz AL, Illigens BW, Siepmann T (2019) Autonomic dysfunction in \u03b1-synucleinopathies. Front Neurol 10:363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00363","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3235_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00176-9","volume":"20","author":"MG Miglis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miglis MG, Adler CH, Antelmi E, Arnaldi D, Baldelli L, Boeve BF, Cesari M, Dall\u2019Antonia I, Diederich NJ, Doppler K, Du\u0161ek P, Ferri R, Gagnon JF, Gan-Or Z, Hermann W, H\u00f6gl B, Hu MT, Iranzo A, Janzen A, Kuzkina A, Lee JY, Leenders KL, Lewis SJG, Liguori C, Liu J, Lo C, Ehgoetz Martens KA, Nepozitek J, Plazzi G, Provini F, Puligheddu M, Rolinski M, Rusz J, Stefani A, Summers RLS, Yoo D, Zitser J, Oertel WH (2021) Biomarkers of conversion to \u03b1-synucleinopathy in isolated rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder. Lancet Neurol 20(8):671\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00176-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3235_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz189","volume":"142","author":"Y Miki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miki Y, Foti SC, Asi YT, Tsushima E, Quinn N, Ling H, Holton JL (2019) Improving diagnostic accuracy of multiple system atrophy: a clinicopathological study. Brain 142(9):2813\u20132827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awz189","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"3235_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae033","volume":"147","author":"P Millar Vernetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Millar Vernetti P, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Palma JA, Biaggioni I, Shibao CA, Peltier A, Freeman R, Gibbons C, Goldstein DS, Low PA, Singer W, Coon EA, Miglis MG, Wenning GK, Fanciulli A, Vernino S, Betensky RA, Kaufmann H (2024) Phenoconversion in pure autonomic failure: a multicentre prospective longitudinal cohort study. Brain 147(7):2440\u20132448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awae033","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"3235_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.185","volume":"2","author":"J Mitsui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mitsui J, Matsukawa T, Sasaki H, Yabe I, Matsushima M, D\u00fcrr A, Brice A, Takashima H, Kikuchi A, Aoki M, Ishiura H, Yasuda T, Date H, Ahsan B, Iwata A, Goto J, Ichikawa Y, Nakahara Y, Momose Y, Takahashi Y, Hara K, Kakita A, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Onodera O, Nishizawa M, Watanabe H, Ito M, Sobue G, Ishikawa K, Mizusawa H, Kanai K, Hattori T, Kuwabara S, Arai K, Koyano S, Kuroiwa Y, Hasegawa K, Yuasa T, Yasui K, Nakashima K, Ito H, Izumi Y, Kaji R, Kato T, Kusunoki S, Osaki Y, Horiuchi M, Kondo T, Murayama S, Hattori N, Yamamoto M, Murata M, Satake W, Toda T, Filla A, Klockgether T, W\u00fcllner U, Nicholson G, Gilman S, Tanner CM, Kukull WA, Stern MB, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Masliah E, Low PA, Sandroni P, Ozelius LJ, Foroud T, Tsuji S (2015) Variants associated with Gaucher disease in multiple system atrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2(4):417\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.185","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"3235_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101920","volume":"59","author":"J Mitsui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitsui J, Matsukawa T, Uemura Y, Kawahara T, Chikada A, Porto KJL, Naruse H, Tanaka M, Ishiura H, Toda T, Kuzuyama H, Hirano M, Wada I, Ga T, Moritoyo T, Takahashi Y, Mizusawa H, Ishikawa K, Yokota T, Kuwabara S, Sawamoto N, Takahashi R, Abe K, Ishihara T, Onodera O, Matsuse D, Yamasaki R, Kira JI, Katsuno M, Hanajima R, Ogata K, Takashima H, Matsushima M, Yabe I, Sasaki H, Tsuji S (2023) High-dose ubiquinol supplementation in multiple-system atrophy: a multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. EClinicalMedicine 59:101920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101920","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"3235_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy157","volume":"141","author":"K Mokretar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mokretar K, Pease D, Taanman JW, Soenmez A, Ejaz A, Lashley T, Ling H, Gentleman S, Houlden H, Holton JL, Schapira AHV, Nacheva E, Proukakis C (2018) Somatic copy number gains of \u03b1-synuclein (SNCA) in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy brains. Brain 141(8):2419\u20132431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awy157","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1212115","volume":"369","author":"Multiple-System Atrophy Research Collaboration","year":"2013","unstructured":"Multiple-System Atrophy Research Collaboration (2013) Mutations in COQ2 in familial and sporadic multiple-system atrophy. N Engl J Med 369(3):233\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1212115","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3235_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neurology Live Study Design of TAK-341-2001: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TAK-341 in subjects with multiple system atrophy (P9-9.003). https:\/\/www.neurology.org\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL0000000000201834","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL0000000000201834"},{"key":"3235_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neurology Live A phase 2 study design of ath434, a novel inhibitor of \u03b1-synuclein aggregation, for the treatment of multiple system atrophy (MSA) (P2-3.004). https:\/\/www.neurology.org\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL0000000000206596","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL0000000000206596"},{"key":"3235_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-44","volume":"9","author":"K Ogaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ogaki K, Fujioka S, Heckman MG, Rayaprolu S, Soto-Ortolaza AI, Labb\u00e9 C, Walton RL, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Wang X, Asmann Y, Rademakers R, Graff-Radford N, Uitti R, Cheshire WP, Wszolek ZK, Dickson DW, Ross OA (2014) Analysis of COQ2 gene in multiple system atrophy. Mol Neurodegener 9:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1750-1326-9-44","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13367","volume":"143","author":"Y Osaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Osaki Y, Morita Y, Miyamoto Y, Ohtsuru S, Shogase T, Furushima T, Furuya H (2021) Identification of a pre-possible multiple system atrophy phase. Acta Neurol Scand 143(3):313\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ane.13367","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"3235_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21343","volume":"22","author":"LJ Ozelius","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ozelius LJ, Foroud T, May S, Senthil G, Sandroni P, Low PA, Reich S, Colcher A, Stern MB, Ondo WG, Jankovic J, Huang N, Tanner CM, Novak P, Gilman S, Marshall FJ, Wooten GF, Chelimsky TC, Shults CW, North American Multiple System Atrophy Study Group (2007) G2019S mutation in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene is not associated with multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 22(4):546\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21343","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3235_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-021-00782-w","volume":"31","author":"JA Palma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palma JA, Vernetti PM, Perez MA, Krismer F, Seppi K, Fanciulli A, Singer W, Low P, Biaggioni I, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Pellecchia MT, Mart\u00ed MJ, Kim HJ, Merello M, Stankovic I, Poewe W, Betensky R, Wenning G, Kaufmann H (2021) Limitations of the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale as outcome measure for clinical trials and a roadmap for improvement. Clin Auton Res 31(2):157\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-021-00782-w","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30024-9","volume":"18","author":"L Parnetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parnetti L, Gaetani L, Eusebi P, Paciotti S, Hansson O, El-Agnaf O, Mollenhauer B, Blennow K, Calabresi P (2019) CSF and blood biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 18(6):573\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30024-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3235_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.024","volume":"35","author":"P Pasanen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pasanen P, Myllykangas L, Siitonen M, Raunio A, Kaakkola S, Lyytinen J, Tienari PJ, P\u00f6yh\u00f6nen M, Paetau A (2014) Novel \u03b1-synuclein mutation A53E associated with atypical multiple system atrophy and Parkinson\u2019s disease-type pathology. Neurobiol Aging 35(9):2180e1\u20132180e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.024","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"3235_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"awag062","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awag062","volume":"13","author":"A Ray","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ray A, Chia R, Rasheed M, Bayram E, International MSA, Genomics Consortium, Dickson DW, Traynor BJ, Gibbs JR, Dalgard CL, Ross OA, Houlden H, Scholz SW (2026) Chromosome X-wide association study in multiple system atrophy identifies sex-differential risk loci. Brain 13:awag062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awag062","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0504-y","volume":"6","author":"V Refolo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Refolo V, Bez F, Polissidis A, Kuzdas-Wood D, Sturm E, Kamaratou M, Poewe W, Stefanis L, Angela Cenci M, Romero-Ramos M, Wenning GK, Stefanova N (2018) Progressive striatonigral degeneration in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy: translational implications for interventional therapies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 6(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-017-0504-y","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"3235_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16515","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16515","volume":"31","author":"D Reis-Carneiro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reis-Carneiro D, Skoric MK, Habek M, Adamec I, Calandra-Buonaura G, Cortelli P, van Dijk JG, Falup-Pecurariu C, Guaraldi P, Hilz MJ, Iodice V, Jordan J, Rocha I, Struhal W, Terkelsen AJ, Thijs R, Tijero B, Berger T, Rektorova I, Moro E, Traon AP, Wenning G, Panicker JN, Fanciulli A (2024) Autonomic nervous system education in Europe: EAN\/EFAS\/INUS survey on curricula and skills in autonomic medicine of European neurology residents and consultants. Eur J Neurol 31(12):e16515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16515","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3235_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27710","volume":"34","author":"GM Riboldi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riboldi GM, Palma JA, Cortes E, Iida MA, Sikder T, Henderson B, Raj T, Walker RH, Crary JF, Kaufmann H, Frucht S (2019) Early-onset pathologically proven multiple system atrophy with LRRK2 G2019S mutation. Mov Disord 34(7):1080\u20131082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27710","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1628","key":"3235_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.26635\/6965.7117","volume":"139","author":"T Ruttle","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ruttle T, Jones E, Towns C (2026) Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in atypical parkinsonian syndromes: survival and aspiration outcomes from a retrospective international cohort. N Z Med J 139(1628):40\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26635\/6965.7117","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"issue":"20","key":"3235_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.09.007","volume":"184","author":"H Scheiblich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scheiblich H, Dansokho C, Mercan D, Schmidt SV, Bousset L, Wischhof L, Eikens F, Odainic A, Spitzer J, Griep A, Schwartz S, Bano D, Latz E, Melki R, Heneka MT (2021) Microglia jointly degrade fibrillar alpha-synuclein cargo by distribution through tunneling nanotubes. Cell 184(20):5089\u20135106e21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.09.007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"13","key":"3235_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002518","volume":"86","author":"C Scherfler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scherfler C, G\u00f6bel G, M\u00fcller C, Nocker M, Wenning GK, Schocke M, Poewe W, Seppi K (2016) Diagnostic potential of automated subcortical volume segmentation in atypical parkinsonism. Neurology 86(13):1242\u20131249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002518","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3235_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21685","volume":"65","author":"SW Scholz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scholz SW, Houlden H, Schulte C, Sharma M, Li A, Berg D, Melchers A, Paudel R, Gibbs JR, Simon-Sanchez J, Paisan-Ruiz C, Bras J, Ding J, Chen H, Traynor BJ, Arepalli S, Zonozi RR, Revesz T, Holton J, Wood N, Lees A, Oertel W, W\u00fcllner U, Goldwurm S, Pellecchia MT, Illig T, Riess O, Fernandez HH, Rodriguez RL, Okun MS, Poewe W, Wenning GK, Hardy JA, Singleton AB, Del Sorbo F, Schneider S, Bhatia KP, Gasser T (2009) SNCA variants are associated with increased risk for multiple system atrophy. Ann Neurol 65(5):610\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21685","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7825","key":"3235_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2317-6","volume":"585","author":"M Schweighauser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schweighauser M, Shi Y, Tarutani A, Kametani F, Murzin AG, Ghetti B, Matsubara T, Tomita T, Ando T, Hasegawa K, Murayama S, Yoshida M, Hasegawa M, Scheres SHW, Goedert M (2020) Structures of \u03b1-synuclein filaments from multiple system atrophy. Nature 585(7825):464\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2317-6","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"13","key":"3235_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345356.40399.eb","volume":"72","author":"B Segarane","year":"2009","unstructured":"Segarane B, Li A, Paudel R, Scholz S, Neumann J, Lees A, Revesz T, Hardy J, Mathias CJ, Wood NW, Holton J, Houlden H (2009) Glucocerebrosidase mutations in 108 neuropathologically confirmed cases of multiple system atrophy. Neurology 72(13):1185\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345356.40399.eb","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"24","key":"3235_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2460","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207905","volume":"101","author":"H Sekiya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sekiya H, Koga S, Murakami A, Kawazoe M, Kim M, Martin NB, Uitti RJ, Cheshire WP, Wszolek ZK, Dickson DW (2023) Validation study of the MDS criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy in the mayo clinic brain bank. Neurology 101(24):e2460\u2013e2471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207905","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"3235_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01452.x","volume":"13","author":"K Seppi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seppi K, Peralta C, Diem-Zangerl A, Puschban Z, Mueller J, Poewe W, Wenning GK (2006) Placebo-controlled trial of riluzole in multiple system atrophy. Eur J Neurol 13(10):1146\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01452.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1311763","volume":"371","author":"M Sharma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharma M, Wenning G, Kr\u00fcger R, European Multiple-System Atrophy Study Group (EMSA-SG) (2014) Mutant COQ2 in multiple-system atrophy. N Engl J Med 371(1):80\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1311763","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3235_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223183","volume":"12","author":"V Sidoroff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sidoroff V, Bower P, Stefanova N, Fanciulli A, Stankovic I, Poewe W, Seppi K, Wenning GK, Krismer F (2022) Disease-modifying therapies for multiple system atrophy: where are we in 2022? J Parkinsons Dis 12(5):1369\u20131387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-223183","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"3235_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003737","volume":"88","author":"W Singer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singer W, Berini SE, Sandroni P, Fealey RD, Coon EA, Suarez MD, Benarroch EE, Low PA (2017) Pure autonomic failure: predictors of conversion to clinical CNS involvement. Neurology 88(12):1129\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003737","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007720","volume":"93","author":"W Singer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singer W, Dietz AB, Zeller AD, Gehrking TL, Schmelzer JD, Schmeichel AM, Gehrking JA, Suarez MD, Sletten DM, Minota Pacheco KV, Coon EA, Sandroni P, Benarroch EE, Fealey RD, Matsumoto JY, Bower JH, Hassan A, McKeon A, Windebank AJ, Mandrekar JN, Low PA (2019) Intrathecal administration of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in multiple system atrophy. Neurology 93(1):e77\u2013e87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007720","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25824","volume":"88","author":"W Singer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singer W, Schmeichel AM, Shahnawaz M, Schmelzer JD, Boeve BF, Sletten DM, Gehrking TL, Gehrking JA, Olson AD, Savica R, Suarez MD, Soto C, Low PA (2020) Alpha-synuclein oligomers and neurofilament light chain in spinal fluid differentiate multiple system atrophy from lewy body synucleinopathies. Ann Neurol 88(3):503\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25824","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26089","volume":"89","author":"W Singer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singer W, Schmeichel AM, Shahnawaz M, Schmelzer JD, Sletten DM, Gehrking TL, Gehrking JA, Olson AD, Suarez MD, Misra PP, Soto C, Low PA (2021) Alpha-synuclein oligomers and neurofilament light chain predict phenoconversion of pure autonomic failure. Ann Neurol 89(6):1212\u20131220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26089","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42305-3","volume":"14","author":"R Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith R, Capotosti F, Schain M, Ohlsson T, Vokali E, Molette J, Touilloux T, Hliva V, Dimitrakopoulos IK, Puschmann A, J\u00f6gi J, Svenningsson P, Andr\u00e9asson M, Sandiego C, Russell DS, Miranda-Azpiazu P, Halldin C, Stomrud E, Hall S, Bratteby K, Tampio L, Luthi-Carter R, Pfeifer A, Kosco-Vilbois M, Streffer J, Hansson O (2023) The \u03b1-synuclein PET tracer [18F] ACI-12589 distinguishes multiple system atrophy from other neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 14(1):6750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-42305-3","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"3235_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070201","volume":"171","author":"YJ Song","year":"2007","unstructured":"Song YJ, Lundvig DM, Huang Y, Gai WP, Blumbergs PC, H\u00f8jrup P, Otzen D, Halliday GM, Jensen PH (2007) p25alpha relocalizes in oligodendroglia from myelin to cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Am J Pathol 171(4):1291\u20131303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070201","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2025.2605711","volume":"26","author":"C Sorrentino","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sorrentino C, Baldelli L, Calandra-Buonaura G, Pellecchia MT (2026) An overview of the current management and emerging therapies of Multiple system atrophy. Expert Rev Neurother 26(3):279\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737175.2025.2605711","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(98)00504-7","volume":"251","author":"MG Spillantini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL, Goedert M (1998) Filamentous alpha-synuclein inclusions link multiple system atrophy with Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurosci Lett 251(3):205\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3940(98)00504-7","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"9","key":"3235_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25509","volume":"28","author":"M Stamelou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stamelou M, Quinn NP, Bhatia KP (2013) Atypical atypical parkinsonism: new genetic conditions presenting with features of progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, or multiple system atrophy-a diagnostic guide. Mov Disord 28(9):1184\u20131199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25509","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00697-7","volume":"24","author":"N Stefanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stefanova N, Wenning GK (2023) Multiple system atrophy: at the crossroads of cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 24(6):334\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-023-00697-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20233","volume":"78","author":"N Stefanova","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stefanova N, Mitschnigg M, Ghorayeb I, Diguet E, Geser F, Tison F, Poewe W, Wenning GK (2004) Failure of neuronal protection by inhibition of glial activation in a rat model of striatonigral degeneration. J Neurosci Res 78(1):87\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.20233","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"3235_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21671","volume":"22","author":"N Stefanova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stefanova N, Reindl M, Neumann M, Kahle PJ, Poewe W, Wenning GK (2007) Microglial activation mediates neurodegeneration related to oligodendroglial alpha-synucleinopathy: implications for multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 22(15):2196\u20132203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21671","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3235_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefanova N, Georgievska B, Eriksson H, Poewe W, Wenning GK (2012) Myeloperoxidase inhibition ameliorates multiple system atrophy-like degeneration in a transgenic mouse model. Neurotox Res. 2012;21(4):393\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12640-011-9294-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-011-9294-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac061","volume":"146","author":"T Torre-Muruzabal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torre-Muruzabal T, Van der Perren A, Coens A, Gelders G, Janer AB, Camacho-Garcia S, Klingstedt T, Nilsson P, Stefanova N, Melki R, Baekelandt V, Peelaerts W (2023) Host oligodendrogliopathy and \u03b1-synuclein strains dictate disease severity in multiple system atrophy. Brain 146(1):237\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awac061","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3235_CR139","unstructured":"Tseng YJ (2024) Pharmacokinetics, safety of YA-101, dual inhibitors of a D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and NLRP3 inflammasome, in healthy subjects: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, single dose and multiple dose phase I study. In: Presented at the international parkinson and movement disorder society international congress 27 September-1 October; Philadelphia, USA"},{"issue":"5","key":"3235_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.0112","volume":"82","author":"DE Vaillancourt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vaillancourt DE, Barmpoutis A, Wu SS, DeSimone JC, Schauder M, Chen R, Parrish TB, Wang WE, Molho E, Morgan JC, Simon DK, Scott BL, Rosenthal LS, Gomperts SN, Akhtar RS, Grimes D, De Jesus S, Stover N, Bayram E, Ramirez-Zamora A, Prokop S, Fang R, Slevin JT, Kanel P, Bohnen NI, Tuite P, Aradi S, Strafella AP, Siddiqui MS, Davis AA, Huang X, Ostrem JL, Fernandez H, Litvan I, Hauser RA, Pantelyat A, McFarland NR, Xie T, Okun MS, AIDP Study Group, Leader A, Russell \u00c1, Babcock H, White-Tong K, Hua J, Goodheart AE, Peterec EC, Poon C, Galarce MB, Thompson T, Collier AM, Cromer C, Putra N, Costello R, Yilmaz E, Mercado C, Mercado T, Fessenden A, Wagner R, Spears CC, Caswell JL, Bryants M, Kuzianik K, Ahmed Y, Bendahan N, Njoku JO, Stiebel A, Zahed H, Wang SS, Hoang PT, Seemiller J, Du G (2025) Automated imaging differentiation for parkinsonism. JAMA Neurol 82(5):495\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.0112","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3235_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0380-7","volume":"112","author":"N Vanacore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vanacore N (2005) Epidemiological evidence on multiple system atrophy. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 112(12):1605\u20131612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-005-0380-7","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21857","volume":"23","author":"JS Vidal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vidal JS, Vidailhet M, Elbaz A, Derkinderen P, Tzourio C, Alp\u00e9rovitch A (2008) Risk factors of multiple system atrophy: a case-control study in French patients. Mov Disord 23(6):797\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21857","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"3235_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820c30c1","volume":"76","author":"C Vilari\u00f1o-G\u00fcell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vilari\u00f1o-G\u00fcell C, Soto-Ortolaza AI, Rajput A, Mash DC, Papapetropoulos S, Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Uitti RJ, Wszolek ZK, Dickson DW, Farrer MJ, Ross OA (2011) MAPT H1 haplotype is a risk factor for essential tremor and multiple system atrophy. Neurology 76(7):670\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820c30c1","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29304","volume":"38","author":"S Virameteekul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Virameteekul S, Revesz T, Jaunmuktane Z, Warner TT, De Pablo-Fern\u00e1ndez E (2023) Pathological validation of the MDS criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 38(3):444\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29304","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3235_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Virameteekul S, Bonini I, Campese N, Mahlknecht P, Tan M, Poewe W, Noyce AJ, Fanciulli A, de Pablo-Fern\u00e1ndez E (2026) Phenoconversion in pure autonomic failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol e260989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.0989","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.0989"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-023-00370-0","volume":"12","author":"L Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan L, Zhu S, Chen Z, Qiu R, Tang B, Jiang H (2023) Multidimensional biomarkers for multiple system atrophy: an update and future directions. Transl Neurodegener 12(1):38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-023-00370-0","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"issue":"12","key":"3235_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20255","volume":"19","author":"GK Wenning","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wenning GK, Tison F, Seppi K, Sampaio C, Diem A, Yekhlef F, Ghorayeb I, Ory F, Galitzky M, Scaravilli T, Bozi M, Colosimo C, Gilman S, Shults CW, Quinn NP, Rascol O, Poewe W, Multiple System Atrophy Study Group (2004) Development and validation of the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS). Mov Disord 19(12):1391\u20131402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20255","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70327-7","volume":"12","author":"GK Wenning","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wenning GK, Geser F, Krismer F, Seppi K, Duerr S, Boesch S, K\u00f6llensperger M, Goebel G, Pfeiffer KP, Barone P, Pellecchia MT, Quinn NP, Koukouni V, Fowler CJ, Schrag A, Mathias CJ, Giladi N, Gurevich T, Dupont E, Ostergaard K, Nilsson CF, Widner H, Oertel W, Eggert KM, Albanese A, del Sorbo F, Tolosa E, Cardozo A, Deuschl G, Hellriegel H, Klockgether T, Dodel R, Sampaio C, Coelho M, Djaldetti R, Melamed E, Gasser T, Kamm C, Meco G, Colosimo C, Rascol O, Meissner WG, Tison F, Poewe W, European Multiple System Atrophy Study Group (2013) The natural history of multiple system atrophy: a prospective European cohort study. Lancet Neurol 12(3):264\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70327-7","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29005","volume":"37","author":"GK Wenning","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wenning GK, Stankovic I, Vignatelli L, Fanciulli A, Calandra-Buonaura G, Seppi K, Palma JA, Meissner WG, Krismer F, Berg D, Cortelli P, Freeman R, Halliday G, H\u00f6glinger G, Lang A, Ling H, Litvan I, Low P, Miki Y, Panicker J, Pellecchia MT, Quinn N, Sakakibara R, Stamelou M, Tolosa E, Tsuji S, Warner T, Poewe W, Kaufmann H (2022) The movement disorder society criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 37(6):1131\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"3235_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29879","volume":"39","author":"I Wilkens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wilkens I, Heine J, Ruf VC, Compta Y, Porcel LM, Troakes C, Vamanu A, Downes S, Irwin D, Cohen J, Lee EB, Nilsson C, Englund E, Nemati M, Katzdobler S, Levin J, Pantelyat A, Seemiller J, Berger S, van Swieten J, Dopper E, Rozenmuller A, Kovacs GG, Bendahan N, Lang AE, Herms J, H\u00f6glinger G, Hopfner F (2024) Impact of magnetic resonance imaging markers on the diagnostic performance of the international parkinson and movement disorder society multiple system atrophy criteria. Mov Disord 39(9):1514\u20131522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29879","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"3235_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf030","volume":"148","author":"JA Wiseman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wiseman JA, Halliday GM, Dieriks BV (2025) Neuronal \u03b1-synuclein toxicity is the key driver of neurodegeneration in multiple system atrophy. Brain 148(7):2306\u20132319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaf030","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.025155","volume":"75","author":"U W\u00fcllner","year":"2004","unstructured":"W\u00fcllner U, Abele M, Schmitz-Huebsch T, Wilhelm K, Benecke R, Deuschl G, Klockgether T (2004) Probable multiple system atrophy in a German family. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(6):924\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2003.025155","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3235_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00682-5","volume":"30","author":"C Xia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xia C, Postuma RB (2020) Diagnosing multiple system atrophy at the prodromal stage. Clin Auton Res 30(3):197\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-020-00682-5","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"7933","key":"3235_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05319-3","volume":"610","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Y, Shi Y, Schweighauser M, Zhang X, Kotecha A, Murzin AG, Garringer HJ, Cullinane PW, Saito Y, Foroud T, Warner TT, Hasegawa K, Vidal R, Murayama S, Revesz T, Ghetti B, Hasegawa M, Lashley T, Scheres SHW, Goedert M (2022) Structures of \u03b1-synuclein filaments from human brains with Lewy pathology. Nature 610(7933):791\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05319-3","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"3235_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa110","volume":"143","author":"Z Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu Z, Shi M, Stewart T, Fernagut PO, Huang Y, Tian C, Dehay B, Atik A, Yang D, De Giorgi F, Ichas F, Canron MH, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, Kim HJ, Feng T, Meissner WG, Zhang J (2020) Reduced oligodendrocyte exosome secretion in multiple system atrophy involves SNARE dysfunction. Brain 143(6):1780\u20131797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa110","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"3235_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21889","volume":"67","author":"JY Yun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yun JY, Lee WW, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Park SS, Jeon BS (2010) SNCA variants and multiple system atrophy. Ann Neurol 67(4):554\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21889","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03235-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03235-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03235-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T11:47:16Z","timestamp":1784980036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03235-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"references-count":156,"alternative-id":["3235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03235-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}