{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:43:27Z","timestamp":1792579407187,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disorder that impairs sleep and reduces quality of life. The pathogenesis of RLS is incompletely understood. However, two mechanisms in its pathogenesis have been well accepted: iron deficiency, particularly brain iron deficiency, and subsequent dopamine dysregulation, which contribute to sensorimotor symptoms in RLS. In this review, we aim to provide a balanced synthesis of the literature on peripheral and brain iron dysregulation and iron therapy in RLS. We conclude that brain iron deficiency is central to the pathogenesis of RLS, whereas peripheral iron deficiency, although closely linked to RLS, poorly reflects brain iron status. Brain iron deficiency in RLS likely arises from altered iron metabolism at multiple levels, including impaired iron transport at the blood-brain interface and in subcortical neuronal structures such as the dopaminergic and thalamic systems, and potentially altered iron export, with or without systemic iron deficiency. These processes are further modulated by circadian-related changes, genetic susceptibility, and sex differences, adding complexity to iron dysregulation in RLS. Iron therapy, both oral and IV formulations, has become a standard of care in the treatment of RLS. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of brain iron deficiency, improve the prediction of treatment response, and optimize the selection of iron therapies for RLS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-026-03274-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:51:19Z","timestamp":1790250679000},"page":"2187-2200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altered iron metabolism and iron therapy in restless legs syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Zhikui","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrsitopher J.","family":"Earley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3274_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(04)90136-1","volume":"26","author":"L Abetz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abetz L, Allen R, Follet A, Washburn T, Earley C, Kirsch J, Knight H (2004) Evaluating the quality of life of patients with restless legs syndrome. Clin Ther 26(6):925\u2013935","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.07.002","volume":"17","author":"B Adenekan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adenekan B, Pandey A, McKenzie S, Zizi F, Casimir GJ, Jean-Louis G (2013) Sleep in America: role of racial\/ethnic differences. Sleep Med Rev 17(4):255\u2013262","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.56.2.263","volume":"56","author":"RP Allen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Allen RP, Barker PB, Wehrl FW, Song HK, Earley CJ (2001) MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 56(2):263\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.56.2.263","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(03)00010-8","volume":"4","author":"RP Allen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, Montplaisi J, Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosis and Epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health, and International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (2003) Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med 4(2):101\u2013119.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3274_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.06.009","volume":"12","author":"RP Allen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen RP, Adler CH, Du W, Butcher A, Bregman DB, Earley CJ (2011) Clinical efficacy and safety of IV ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) treatment of RLS: a multi-centred, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical trial. Sleep Med 12(9):906\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.06.009","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23397","volume":"88","author":"RP Allen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allen RP, Auerbach S, Bahrain H, Auerbach M, Earley CJ (2013a) The prevalence and impact of restless legs syndrome on patients with iron deficiency anemia. Am J Hematol 88(4):261\u2013264","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"22","key":"3274_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318294b3f6","volume":"80","author":"RP Allen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allen RP, Peter B, Barker A, Horsk\u00e1, Christopher JE (2013b) Thalamic glutamate\/glutamine in restless legs syndrome: increased and related to disturbed sleep. Neurology 80(22):2028\u20132034","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3274_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.11.1126","volume":"41","author":"RP Allen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Auerbach M, Cho YW, Connor JR, Earley CJ, Garcia-Borreguero D, Kotagal S, Manconi M, Ondo W, Ulfberg J, Winkelman JW (2018) Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: an IRLSSG task force report. Sleep Med 41:27\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.11.1126","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-12-077388","volume":"112","author":"NC Andrews","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andrews NC (2008) Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology. Blood 112(2):219\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2007-12-077388","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"12","key":"3274_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000325914.50764.a2","volume":"71","author":"LG Astrakas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Astrakas LG, Konitsiotis S, Margariti P, Tsouli S, Tzarouhi L, Argyropoulou MI (2008) T2 relaxometry and fMRI of the brain in late-onset restless legs syndrome. Neurology 71(12):911\u2013916","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.01.004","volume":"280","author":"V Azcoitia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Azcoitia V, Aracil M, Mart\u00ednez-A C, Torres M (2005) The homeodomain protein Meis1 is essential for definitive hematopoiesis and vascular patterning in the mouse embryo. Dev Biol 280(2):307\u2013320","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"3274_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.05.036","volume":"84","author":"H Bae","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bae H, Cho YW, Kim KT, Allen RP, Earley CJ (2021a) Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ferric carboxymaltose in restless legs syndrome patients with iron deficiency anemia. Sleep Med 84:179\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.05.036","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3274_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9230","volume":"17","author":"H Bae","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bae H, Kim KT, Heo MH, Do YR, Cho YW (2021b) The prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome in patients with iron deficiency anemia in Korea. J Clin Sleep Med 17(7):1447\u20131452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.9230","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"3274_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.06.023","volume":"109","author":"H Bae","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bae H, Cho YW, Kim KT, Li X, Earley CJ (2023) Ferric carboxymaltose effects on restless legs syndrome and on brain iron in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Sleep Med 109:128\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.06.023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3274_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103024","volume":"34","author":"V Beliveau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beliveau V, Stefani A, Birkl C, Kremser C, Gizewski ER, Hogl B, Scherfler C (2022) Revisiting brain iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome using magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage Clin 34:103024","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27447","volume":"99","author":"C Bennett","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bennett C, Pettikiriarachchi A, McLean ARD, Harding R, Blewitt ME, Seillet C, Pasricha SR (2024) Serum iron and transferrin saturation variation are circadian regulated and linked to the harmonic circadian oscillations of erythropoiesis and hepatic Tfrc expression in mice. Am J Hematol 99(11):2075\u20132083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajh.27447","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3274_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0805-2","volume":"249","author":"K Berger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Berger K, von Eckardstein A, Trenkwalder C, Rothdach A, Junker R, Weiland SK (2002) Iron metabolism and the risk of restless legs syndrome in an elderly general population\u2013the MEMO-Study. J Neurol 249(9):1195\u20131199","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05358.x","volume":"106","author":"LE Bianco","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bianco LE, Wiesinger J, Earley CJ, Jones BC, Beard JL (2008) Iron deficiency alters dopamine uptake and response to L-DOPA injection in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Neurochem 106(1):205\u2013215","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520902820905","volume":"26","author":"LE Bianco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bianco LE, Unger EL, Earley CJ, Beard JL (2009) Iron deficiency alters the day-night variation in monoamine levels in mice. Chronobiol Int 26(3):447\u2013463","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2010.01368.x","volume":"99","author":"G Birgeg\u00e5rd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Birgeg\u00e5rd G, Schneider K, Ulfberg J (2010) High incidence of iron depletion and restless leg syndrome (RLS) in regular blood donors: intravenous iron sucrose substitution more effective than oral iron. Vox Sang 99(4):354\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2010.01368.x","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"8","key":"3274_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12061","volume":"53","author":"BJ Bryant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bryant BJ, Yau YY, Arceo SM, Hopkins JA, Leitman SF (2013) Ascertainment of iron deficiency and depletion in blood donors through screening questions for pica and restless legs syndrome. Transfusion 53(8):1637\u20131644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.12061","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22435","volume":"70","author":"H Catoire","year":"2011","unstructured":"Catoire H, Dion PA, Xiong L, Amari M, Gaudet R, Girard SL, Noreau A, Gaspar C, Turecki G, Montplaisir JY, Parker JA, Rouleau GA (2011) Restless legs syndrome-associated MEIS1 risk variant influences iron homeostasis. Ann Neurol 70(1):170\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.22435","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3274_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-060721-024902","volume":"14","author":"X Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang X, Lv C, Zhao G (2023) A dual function of ferritin (Animal and Plant): its holo form for iron supplementation and apo form for delivery systems. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 14:113\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-food-060721-024902","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"3274_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz079","author":"S Chawla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chawla S, Gulyani S, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Li X, Van Zijl P, Kapogiannis D (2019) Extracellular vesicles reveal abnormalities in neuronal iron metabolism in restless legs syndrome. Sleep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsz079","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.11.001","volume":"14","author":"YW Cho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cho YW, Allen RP, Earley CJ (2013) Lower molecular weight intravenous iron dextran for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 14(3):274\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.11.001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3274_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.06.021","volume":"25","author":"YW Cho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cho YW, Allen RP, Earley CJ (2016) Clinical efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose treatment in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 25:16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.06.021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3274_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.11.1134","volume":"42","author":"YW Cho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cho YW, Allen RP, Earley CJ (2018) Efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) 500\u00a0mg dose for the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome. Sleep Med 42:7\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.11.1134","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2005.06.011","volume":"147","author":"SL Clardy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clardy SL, Earley CJ, Allen RP, Beard JL, Connor JR (2006a) Ferritin subunits in CSF are decreased in restless legs syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 147(2):67\u201373","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.04.008","volume":"247","author":"SL Clardy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clardy SL, Wang X, Boyer PJ, Earley CJ, Allen RP, Connor JR (2006b) Is ferroportin\u2013hepcidin signaling altered in restless legs syndrome? J Neurol Sci 247(2):173\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2006.04.008","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.01.002","volume":"5","author":"G Coccagna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coccagna G, Vetrugno R, Lombardi C, Provini F (2004) Restless legs syndrome: an historical note. Sleep Med 5(3):279\u2013283","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000078887.16593.12","volume":"61","author":"JR Connor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Connor JR, Boyer PJ, Menzies SL, Dellinger B, Allen RP, Ondo WG, Earley CJ (2003) Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 61(3):304\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000078887.16593.12","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"3274_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000123251.60485.AC","volume":"62","author":"JR Connor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Connor JR, Wang XS, Patton SM, Menzies SL, Troncoso JC, Earley CJ, Allen RP (2004) Decreased transferrin receptor expression by neuromelanin cells in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 62(9):1563\u20131567","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"3274_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp125","volume":"132","author":"JR Connor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Connor JR, Wang XS, Allen RP, Beard JL, Wiesinger JA, Felt BT, Earley CJ (2009) Altered dopaminergic profile in the putamen and substantia nigra in restless leg syndrome. Brain 132(Pt 9):2403\u20132412","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"3274_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr012","volume":"134","author":"JR Connor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Connor JR, Ponnuru P, Wang XS, Patton SM, Allen RP, Earley CJ (2011) Profile of altered brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome. Brain 134(Pt 4):959\u2013968","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3274_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.07.028","volume":"31","author":"JR Connor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Connor JR, Patton SM, Oexle K, Allen RP (2017) Iron and restless legs syndrome: treatment, genetics and pathophysiology. Sleep Med 31:61\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.07.028","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3274_CR36","volume-title":"The biochemical basis of neuropharmacology","author":"JR Cooper","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cooper JR, Floyd E, Bloom RH (2003) The biochemical basis of neuropharmacology. Oxford University Press, USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2011.06.002","volume":"55","author":"A \u00c7urgunlu","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u00c7urgunlu A, D\u00f6venta\u015f A, Karadeniz D, Erdin\u00e7ler DS, Ozt\u00fcrk AK, Karter Y, Yaldiran A, Sipahio\u011flu F, Be\u011fer T (2012) Prevalence and characteristics of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in the elderly and the relation of serum ferritin levels with disease severity: hospital-based study from Istanbul, Turkey. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 55(1):73\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2011.06.002","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000008138","volume":"43","author":"BJ Davis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davis BJ, Rajput A, Rajput ML, Aul EA, Eichhorn GR (2000) A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of iron in restless legs syndrome. Eur Neurol 43(2):70\u201375","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"3274_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.900520","volume":"23","author":"Y Deng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deng Y, Wu J, Jia Q (2017) Efficacy of intravenous iron sucrose in hemodialysis patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS): a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Med Sci Monit 23:1254\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/msm.900520","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2015.00017","volume":"21","author":"J Drgonova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drgonova J, Walther D, Wang KJ, Hartstein GL, Lochte B, Troncoso J, Uetani N, Iwakura Y, Uhl GR (2015) Mouse Model for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase D (. Mol Med 21(1):717\u2013725","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"3274_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp021288","volume":"348","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Earley CJ (2003) Clinical practice. Restless legs syndrome. N Engl J Med 348(21):2103\u20132109","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3274_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.54.8.1698","volume":"54","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, Malecki EA, Epstein DK, Allen RP (2000) Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 54(8):1698\u20131700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.54.8.1698","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.03.002","volume":"5","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Heckler D, Allen RP (2004) The treatment of restless legs syndrome with intravenous iron dextran. Sleep Med 5(3):231\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.03.002","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3274_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.9.1069","volume":"28","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, Clardy SL, Allen RP (2005a) Ferritin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and restless legs syndrome: effects of different clinical phenotypes. Sleep 28(9):1069\u20131075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/28.9.1069","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.01.008","volume":"6","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Heckler D, Allen RP (2005b) Repeated IV doses of iron provides effective supplemental treatment of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 6(4):301\u20135","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3274_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.11.009","volume":"7","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Barker B, Horsk\u00e1 PA, Allen RP (2006) MRI-determined regional brain iron concentrations in early- and late-onset restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 7(5):458\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.11.009","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3274_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.6.847","volume":"31","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Ponnuru P, Wang X, Patton SM, Conner JR, Beard JL, Taub DD, Allen RP (2008) Altered iron metabolism in lymphocytes from subjects with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 31(6):847\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/31.6.847","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.12.006","volume":"10","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Horska A, Mohamed MA, Barker PB, Beard JL, Allen RP (2009) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron sucrose in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 10(2):206\u2013211","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.3.341","volume":"34","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Hiroto Kuwabara DF, Wong C, Gamaldo R, Salas J, Brasic, Hayden T, Ravert RF, Dannals, Richard PA (2011) The dopamine transporter is decreased in the striatum of subjects with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 34(3):341\u2013347","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.05.009","volume":"15","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Connor J, Garcia-Borreguero D, Jenner P, Winkelman J, Zee PC, Allen R (2014) Altered brain iron homeostasis and dopaminergic function in restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease). Sleep Med 15(11):1288\u20131301","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3274_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114158","volume":"356","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Jones BC, Ferre S (2022) Brain-iron deficiency models of restless legs syndrome. Exp Neurol 356:114158","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3274_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae095","author":"CJ Earley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Garc\u00eda-Borreguero D, Falone M, Winkelman JW (2024) Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose for treatment of restless legs syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsae095","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"3274_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02159.x","volume":"266","author":"K Ekbom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ekbom K, Ulfberg J (2009) Restless legs syndrome. J Intern Med 266(5):419\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02159.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3274_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86188","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.86188","volume":"17","author":"P Elangovan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elangovan P, Murugadhandayuthapany A, Arivalagan D (2025) Prevalence of restless leg syndrome and its association with iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional observational study. Cureus 17(6):e86188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.86188","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"3274_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20202584","author":"MS Fawzy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fawzy MS, Fakhr-Eldeen A, Abu AlSel BT, Toraih EA (2021) Molecular analysis of homeostatic iron regulator, transmembrane protease serine-6, and BTB domain-containing protein-9 variants and iron parameters in blood donors. Biosci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bsr20202584","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"3274_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00722","volume":"11","author":"S Ferre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferre S, Quiroz C, Guitart X, Rea W, Seyedian A, Moreno E, Casado-Anguera V, Diaz-Rios M, Casado V, Clemens S, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Garcia-Borreguero D (2017) Pivotal role of adenosine neurotransmission in restless legs syndrome. Front Neurosci 11:722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00722","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/caff.2019.0001","volume":"9","author":"S Ferr\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9 S (2019) The adenosine hypothesis of restless legs syndrome. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 9(1):1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/caff.2019.0001","journal-title":"J Caffeine Adenosine Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418791763","volume":"25","author":"S Ferr\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9 S, Garc\u00eda-Borreguero D, Allen RP, Earley CJ (2019) New insights into the neurobiology of restless legs syndrome. Neuroscientist 25(2):113\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073858418791763","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"3274_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad273","author":"S Ferr\u00e9","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9 S, Winkelman JW, Garc\u00eda-Borreguero D, Belcher AM, Chang JH, Earley CJ (2024) Restless legs syndrome, neuroleptic-induced akathisia, and opioid-withdrawal restlessness: shared neuronal mechanisms? Sleep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsad273","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3274_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf305","author":"S Ferr\u00e9","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9 S, Garc\u00eda-Borreguero D, Earley CJ (2026) On the mechanisms of dopamine receptor agonists in restless legs syndrome. Sleep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf305","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C641","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00599.2006","volume":"293","author":"J Fisher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fisher J, Devraj K, Ingram J, Slagle-Webb B, Madhankumar AB, Liu X, Klinger M, Simpson IA, Connor JR (2007) Ferritin: a novel mechanism for delivery of iron to the brain and other organs. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 293(2):C641\u2013C649","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3274_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007","volume":"10","author":"B Frauscher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frauscher B, Gschliesser V, Brandauer E, El-Demerdash E, Kaneider M, R\u00fccker L, Poewe W, H\u00f6gl B (2009) The severity range of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and augmentation in a prospective patient cohort: association with ferritin levels. Sleep Med 10(6):611\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.09.007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00008.2013","volume":"93","author":"T Ganz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ganz T (2013) Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiol Rev 93(4):1721\u20131741","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"3274_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.06.002","volume":"74","author":"C Garcia-Malo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Malo C, Miranda C, Novo Ponte S, Romero Peralta S, Cano-Pumarega I, Boi S, Mart\u00ednez Vidal V, Anguizola S, Botta L, Garcia-Borreguero D (2020a) Low risk of iron overload or anaphylaxis during treatment of restless legs syndrome with intravenous iron: a consecutive case series in a regular clinical setting. Sleep Med 74:48\u201355","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3274_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.09.020","volume":"66","author":"C Garcia-Malo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Malo C, Wanner V, Miranda C, Romero Peralta S, Agudelo L, Cano-Pumarega I, Granizo JJ, Garcia-Borreguero D (2020b) Quantitative transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra as a predictor of therapeutic response to intravenous iron therapy in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 66:123\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.09.020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3274_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.027","volume":"85","author":"C Garcia-Malo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-Malo C, Novo-Ponte S, Castro-Villaca\u00f1as A, Farzamnia S, Boi C, Miranda Castillo S, Romero Peralta V, Mart\u00ednez Vidal L, Botta S, Anguizola I, Cano-Pumarega, Garcia-Borreguero D (2021) Correlation between systemic iron parameters and substantia nigra iron stores in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 85:191\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.027","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21230","volume":"22","author":"J Godau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Godau J, Schweitzer KJ, Liepelt I, Gerloff C, Berg D (2007) Substantia nigra hypoechogenicity: definition and findings in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 22(2):187\u2013192","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"3274_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22070","volume":"23","author":"J Godau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Godau J, Klose U, Di Santo A, Schweitzer K, Berg D (2008) Multiregional brain iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 23(8):1184\u20131187","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.06.006","volume":"14","author":"K Grim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grim K, Lee B, Sung AY, Kotagal S (2013) Treatment of childhood-onset restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder using intravenous iron sucrose. Sleep Med 14(11):1100\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.06.006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3274_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22562","volume":"24","author":"L Grote","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grote L, Leissner L, Hedner J, Ulfberg J (2009) A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-center study of intravenous iron sucrose and placebo in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 24(10):1445\u20131452","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"3274_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-026-01734-y","volume":"58","author":"Q Guo","year":"2026","unstructured":"Guo Q, Wang T, Qian ZM, Qian C (2026) How does iron cross the abluminal membrane of the blood-brain barrier. Exp Mol Med 58(6):1691\u20131698","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3274_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.030536","volume":"76","author":"J Haba-Rubio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haba-Rubio J, Staner L, Petiau C, Erb G, Schunck T, Macher JP (2005) Restless legs syndrome and low brain iron levels in patients with haemochromatosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76(7):1009\u20131010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2015.4.20150268","volume":"20","author":"G Halac","year":"2015","unstructured":"Halac G, Sezer GM, Saglam NO, Tekturk P, Demir AD, Demir S, Akcay F, Uslu A, Yap\u0131c\u0131 Z, Asil T (2015) The relationship between Willis-Ekbom disease and serum ferritin levels among children in Northwestern Turkey. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 20(4):336\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17712\/nsj.2015.4.20150268","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"issue":"7","key":"3274_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/22.7.901","volume":"22","author":"WA Hening","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hening WA, Walters AS, Wagner M, Rosen R, Chen V, Kim S, Shah M, Thai O (1999) Circadian rhythm of motor restlessness and sensory symptoms in the idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep 22(7):901\u2013912","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"8","key":"3274_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.03.025","volume":"16","author":"T Higuchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Higuchi T, Abe M, Mizuno M, Yamazaki T, Suzuki H, Moriuchi M, Oikawa O, Okawa E, Ando H, Okada K (2015) Association of restless legs syndrome with oxidative stress and inflammation in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Sleep Med 16(8):941\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.03.025","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000163996.64461.A3","volume":"64","author":"B Hogl","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hogl B, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Saletu M, Frauscher B, Seppi K, Muller J, Rungger G, Gasperi A, Wenning G, Poewe W (2005) Restless legs syndrome: a community-based study of prevalence, severity, and risk factors. Neurology 64(11):1920\u20131924","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3274_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.01.057","volume":"290","author":"C Hyacinthe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hyacinthe C, Deurwaerdere PD, Thiollier T, Li Q, Bezard E, Ghorayeb I (2015) Blood withdrawal affects iron store dynamics in primates with consequences on monoaminergic system function. Neuroscience 290:621\u2013635","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"3274_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2009.04.009","volume":"91","author":"LC Jellen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jellen LC, Beard JL, Jones BC (2009) Systems genetics analysis of iron regulation in the brain. Biochimie 91(10):1255\u20131259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biochi.2009.04.009","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"3274_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad154","author":"TJ Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim TJ, Kim MH, Kim JH, Jun JS, Byun JI, Sunwoo JS, Shin JW, Gho SM, Sohn CH, Jung KY (2023) Change of iron content in brain regions after intravenous iron therapy in restless legs syndrome: quantitative susceptibility mapping study. Sleep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsad154","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"3274_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642094167","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286420941670","volume":"13","author":"TD Kocar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kocar TD, M\u00fcller HP, Kassubek J (2020) Differential functional connectivity in thalamic and dopaminergic pathways in restless legs syndrome: a meta-analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 13:1756286420941670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756286420941670","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"3274_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.18071\/isz.69.0356","volume":"69","author":"M Kolukisa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kolukisa M, Soysal P, G\u00fcletkin T\u00d6, Karatoprak C, Bilgen HR, G\u00fcrsoy AE (2016) Restless leg syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease in women with iron deficiency anemia. Ideggyogy Sz 69(9\u201310):356\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18071\/isz.69.0356","journal-title":"Ideggyogy Sz"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02334070","volume":"49","author":"E Kuhn","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kuhn E, Brodan V (1982) Changes in the circadian rhythm of serum iron induced by a 5-day sleep deprivation. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 49(2):215\u2013222","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3274_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12741","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12741","volume":"28","author":"N Lammers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lammers N, Curry-Hyde A, Smith AJ, Eastwood PR, Straker LM, Champion D, McArdle N (2019) Are serum ferritin and transferrin saturation risk markers for restless legs syndrome in young adults? Longitudinal and cross-sectional data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. J Sleep Res 28(5):e12741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12741","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1089\/152460901750269652","volume":"10","author":"KA Lee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lee KA, Zaffke ME, Baratte-Beebe K (2001) Restless legs syndrome and sleep disturbance during pregnancy: the role of folate and iron. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 10(4):335\u2013341","journal-title":"J Womens Health Gend Based Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12286","volume":"21","author":"CS Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee CS, Lee SD, Kang SH, Park HY, Yoon IY (2014) Comparison of the efficacies of oral iron and pramipexole for the treatment of restless legs syndrome patients with low serum ferritin. Eur J Neurol 21(2):260\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.12286","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"3274_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.184742","author":"JK Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee JK, He Y, Flores SR, Woloshun RR, Wang X, Shine JS, Ebea-Ugwuanyi PO, Sriram S, Fraga M, Zhu S, Yu Y, Hamza I, Collins JF (2025) Development of rat and mouse models of heme-iron absorption. JCI Insight. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.184742","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2025.16","volume":"37","author":"M Lepuzanovi\u0107","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lepuzanovi\u0107 M, Sinanovi\u0107 O, Ba\u0161agi\u0107 E, Aziraj-Smaji\u0107 V, Kapi\u0107 D, Mufti\u0107 M (2025) Restless legs syndrome in pregnancy: a systematic review of prevalence. Psychiatr Danub 37(1):16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24869\/psyd.2025.16","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"3274_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.05.001","volume":"22","author":"X Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li X, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Liu H, Cruz TE, Edden RAE, Barker PB, van Zijl PCM (2016) Brain iron deficiency in idiopathic restless legs syndrome measured by quantitative magnetic susceptibility at 7 tesla. Sleep Med 22:75\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.05.001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3274_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.10.022","volume":"112","author":"YS Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li YS, Yeh WC, Hsu CY (2023) Association of low serum ferritin levels with augmentation in patients with restless legs syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 112:173\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.10.022","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3274_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-015-0984-y","volume":"49","author":"B Lieske","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lieske B, Becker I, Schulz RJ, Polidori MC, Kassubek J, Roehrig G (2016) Intravenous iron administration in restless legs syndrome: An observational study in geriatric patients. Z Gerontol Geriatr 49(7):626\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00391-015-0984-y","journal-title":"Z Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000916","volume":"41","author":"CC Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin CC, Fan YM, Lin GY, Yang FC, Cheng CA, Lu KC, Lin JC, Lee JT (2016) 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT as a potential neuroimaging biomarker in patients with restless legs syndrome. Clin Nucl Med 41(1):e14\u2013e17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000916","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204250","volume":"20","author":"R Maeda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maeda R, Mood K, Jones TL, Aruga J, Buchberg AM, Ira OD (2001) Xmeis1, a protooncogene involved in specifying neural crest cell fate in Xenopus embryos. Oncogene 20(11):1329\u20131342","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03255-6","volume":"24","author":"SW Majoni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Majoni SW, Nelson J, Graham J, Abeyaratne A, Fernandes DK, Cherian S, Rathnayake G, Ashford J, Hocking L, Cain H, McFarlane R, Lawton PD, Barzi F, Taylor S, Cass A (2023) Comparison of two ferritin assay platforms to assess their level of agreement in measuring serum and plasma ferritin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 24(1):198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03255-6","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26941","volume":"96","author":"A Manolopoulos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manolopoulos A, York W, Pucha KA, Earley CJ, Kapogiannis D (2024) Brain iron dysregulation in iron deficiency anemia-related restless leg syndrome revealed by neuron-derived extracellular vesicles: a case-control study. Ann Neurol 96(3):560\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26941","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2829","volume":"33","author":"PN Margariti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Margariti PN, Astrakas LG, Tsouli SG, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Konitsiotis S, Argyropoulou MI (2012) Investigation of unmedicated early onset restless legs syndrome by voxel-based morphometry, T2 relaxometry, and functional MR imaging during the night-time hours. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33(4):667\u201372","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"5509","key":"3274_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057206","volume":"291","author":"AT McKie","year":"2001","unstructured":"McKie AT, Barrow D, Latunde-Dada GO, Rolfs A, Sager G, Mudaly E, Mudaly M, Richardson C, Barlow D, Bomford A, Peters TJ, Raja KB, Shirali S, Hediger MA, Farzaneh F, Simpson RJ (2001) An iron-regulated ferric reductase associated with the absorption of dietary iron. Science 291(5509):1755\u20131759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1057206","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"3274_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.08.012","volume":"15","author":"T Mehmood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mehmood T, Auerbach M, Earley CJ, Allen RP (2014) Response to intravenous iron in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and restless leg syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease). Sleep Med 15(12):1473\u20131476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.08.012","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10843","volume":"55","author":"M Michaud","year":"2004","unstructured":"Michaud M, Dumont M, Selmaoui B, Paquet J, Fantini ML, Montplaisir J (2004) Circadian rhythm of restless legs syndrome: relationship with biological markers. Ann Neurol 55(3):372\u2013380","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3274_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.11.023","volume":"16","author":"M Min\u00e1r","year":"2015","unstructured":"Min\u00e1r M, Ko\u0161utzk\u00e1 Z, Hab\u00e1nov\u00e1 H, Rus\u0148\u00e1k I, Planck K, Valkovi\u010d P (2015) Restless legs syndrome in pregnancy is connected with iron deficiency. Sleep Med 16(5):589\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.11.023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00403.x","volume":"14","author":"S Mizuno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mizuno S, Mihara T, Miyaoka T, Inagaki T, Horiguchi J (2005) CSF iron, ferritin and transferrin levels in restless legs syndrome. J Sleep Res 14(1):43\u201347","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"3274_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S83629","volume":"8","author":"HJ Moon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moon HJ, Chang Y, Lee YS, Song H, Chang HW, Ku J, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Cho YW (2015) A comparison of MRI tissue relaxometry and ROI methods used to determine regional brain iron concentrations in restless legs syndrome. Med Devices (Auckl) 8:341\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/MDER.S83629","journal-title":"Med Devices (Auckl)"},{"issue":"12","key":"3274_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.12.2282","volume":"127","author":"C Nelson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nelson C, Erikson K, Pinero DJ, John L, Beard (1997) In vivo dopamine metabolism is altered in iron-deficient anemic rats. J Nutr 127(12):2282\u20132288","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"3274_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1953.tb07042.x","volume":"145","author":"N Nordlander","year":"1953","unstructured":"Nordlander N (1953) Therapy in restless legs. Acta Med Scand 145(6):455\u2013457","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2012.193","volume":"21","author":"K Oexle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oexle K, Schormair B, Ried JS, Czamara D, Heim K, Frauscher B, H\u00f6gl B, Trenkwalder C, Martin Fiedler G, Thiery J, Lichtner P, Prokisch H, Specht M, M\u00fcller-Myhsok B, D\u00f6ring A, Gieger C, Peters A, Wichmann HE, Meitinger T, Winkelmann J (2013) Dilution of candidates: the case of iron-related genes in restless legs syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 21(4):410\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejhg.2012.193","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.05.002","volume":"16","author":"MM Ohayon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ohayon MM, O\u2019Hara R, Vitiello MV (2012) Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome: a synthesis of the literature. Sleep Med Rev 16(4):283\u2013295","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/23.3.200","volume":"23","author":"ST O\u2019Keeffe","year":"1994","unstructured":"O\u2019Keeffe ST, Gavin K, Lavan JN (1994) Iron status and restless legs syndrome in the elderly. Age Ageing 23(3):200\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/23.3.200","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"3274_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102868","volume":"299","author":"K Palsa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palsa K, Baringer SL, Shenoy G, Spiegelman VS, Simpson IA, Connor JR (2023) Exosomes are involved in iron transport from human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells and are modified by endothelial cell iron status. J Biol Chem 299(2):102868","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"29","key":"3274_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1021\/bi300752r","volume":"51","author":"K Pantopoulos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pantopoulos K, Porwal SK, Tartakoff A, Devireddy L (2012) Mechanisms of mammalian iron homeostasis. Biochemistry 51(29):5705\u20135724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi300752r","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"3274_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.027","volume":"75","author":"HR Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park HR, Choi SJ, Joo EY, Allen RP (2020) Patient characteristics predicting responses to intravenous ferric carboxymaltose treatment of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 75:81\u201387","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03397.x","volume":"18","author":"SM Patton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patton SM, Ponnuru P, Snyder AM, Podskalny GD, Connor JR (2011) Hypoxia-inducible factor pathway activation in restless legs syndrome patients. Eur J Neurol 18(11):1329\u20131335","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"3274_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.09.002","volume":"111","author":"C Quiroz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quiroz C, Gulyani S, Ruiqian W, Bonaventura J, Cutler R, Pearson V, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Mattson MP, Ferr\u00e9 S (2016) Adenosine receptors as markers of brain iron deficiency: implications for restless legs syndrome. Neuropharmacology 111:160\u2013168","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.10.004","volume":"8","author":"S Rangarajan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rangarajan S, D\u2019Souza GA (2007) Restless legs syndrome in Indian patients having iron deficiency anemia in a tertiary care hospital. Sleep Med 8(3):247\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.10.004","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8028","volume":"15","author":"SK Riar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riar SK, Greenbaum LA, Bliwise DL, Leu RM (2019) Restless legs syndrome in chronic kidney disease: is iron or inflammatory status to blame? J Clin Sleep Med 15(11):1629\u20131634>","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"3274_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25576","volume":"28","author":"G Rizzo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rizzo G, Manners D, Testa C, Tonon C, Vetrugno R, Marconi S, Plazzi G, Pizza F, Provini F, Malucelli E, Gramegna LL, Lodi R (2013) Low brain iron content in idiopathic restless legs syndrome patients detected by phase imaging. Mov Disord 28(13):1886\u20131890","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"3274_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.104.2.521","volume":"104","author":"RL Roberts","year":"1993","unstructured":"Roberts RL, Fine RE, Sandra A (1993) Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin at the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Sci 104(Pt 2):521\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.104.2.521","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"3274_CR116","volume":"13","author":"Y Safarpour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Safarpour Y, Vaziri ND, Jabbari B (2023) Restless legs syndrome in chronic kidney disease- a systematic review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 13:10","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20572","volume":"58","author":"C Schmidauer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schmidauer C, Sojer M, Seppi K, Stockner H, H\u00f6gl B, Biedermann B, Brandauer E, Peralta CM, Wenning GK, Poewe W (2005) Transcranial ultrasound shows nigral hypoechogenicity in restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 58(4):630\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.20572","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.08.006","volume":"16","author":"J Schneider","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schneider J, Krafft A, Manconi M, H\u00fcbner A, Baumann C, Werth E, Gyr T, Bassetti C (2015) Open-label study of the efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in pregnant women with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 16(11):1342\u20131347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.08.006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3274_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.190","volume":"40","author":"B Schormair","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schormair B, Kemlink D, Roeske D, Eckstein G, Xiong L, Lichtner P, Ripke S, Trenkwalder C, Zimprich A, Stiasny-Kolster K, Oertel W, Bachmann CG, Paulus W, H\u00f6gl B, Frauscher B, Gschliesser V, Poewe W, Peglau I, Vodicka P, Winkelmann J (2008) PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type delta) is associated with restless legs syndrome. Nat Genet 40(8):946\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.190","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"3274_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2023.2257443","volume":"45","author":"D Seyhan Erdo\u011fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seyhan Erdo\u011fan D, Benbir \u015eenel G, G\u00fcnd\u00fcz A, U\u00e7ar BP, Elverdi T, Saliho\u011flu A, Ar MC, \u00d6ng\u00f6ren \u015e, Ba\u015flar Z, E\u015fkazan AE (2023) A cross-sectional study on restless legs syndrome (RLS) in polycythemia vera (PV): is iron deficiency the only culprit? Neurol Res 45(12):1144\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01616412.2023.2257443","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2003.11.021","volume":"43","author":"JA Sloand","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sloand JA, Shelly MA, Feigin A, Bernstein P, Monk RD (2004) A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with ESRD and restless legs syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 43(4):663\u201370","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181bdc44f","volume":"68","author":"AM Snyder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Snyder AM, Wang X, Patton SM, Arosio P, Levi S, Earley CJ, Allen RP, Connor JR (2009) Mitochondrial ferritin in the substantia nigra in restless legs syndrome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 68(11):1193\u20131199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181bdc44f","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3274_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03629.x","volume":"52","author":"E S\u00f8rensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen E, Grau K, Berg T, Simonsen AC, Magnussen K, Erikstrup C, Hansen MB, Ullum H (2012) A genetic risk factor for low serum ferritin levels in Danish blood donors. Transfusion 52(12):2585\u20132589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03629.x","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3274_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz171","author":"A Stefani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stefani A, Mitterling T, Heidbreder A, Steiger R, Kremser C, Frauscher B, Gizewski ER, Poewe W, H\u00f6gl B, Scherfler C (2019) Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging reveals alterations of sensorimotor circuits in restless legs syndrome. Sleep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsz171","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"7","key":"3274_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072743","volume":"357","author":"H Stefansson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stefansson H, Rye DB, Hicks A, Petursson H, Ingason A, Thorgeirsson TE, Palsson S, Sigmundsson T, Sigurdsson AP, Eiriksdottir I, Soebech E, Bliwise D, Beck JM, Rosen A, Waddy S, Trotti LM, Iranzo A, Thambisetty M, Hardarson GA, Kristjansson K, Gudmundsson LJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Gulcher JR, Gudbjartsson D, Stefansson K (2007) A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements in sleep. N Engl J Med 357(7):639\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa072743","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3274_CR126","first-page":"371","volume":"21","author":"ER Sun","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sun ER, Chen CA, Ho G, Earley CJ, Allen RP (1998) Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep 21(4):371\u2013377","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2018.1560935","volume":"24","author":"S Telarovi\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Telarovi\u0107 S, \u010condi\u0107 L (2019) Frequency of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant and non-pregnant women suffering from restless legs syndrome. Hematology 24(1):263\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16078454.2018.1560935","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3274_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.5.1060","volume":"52","author":"F Tergau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tergau F, Wischer S, Paulus W (1999) Motor system excitability in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 52(5):1060\u20131063","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-009-9180-5","volume":"27","author":"M Tobiasson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tobiasson M, Alyass B, S\u00f6derlund S, Birgeg\u00e5rd G (2010) High prevalence of restless legs syndrome among patients with polycytemia vera treated with venesectio. Med Oncol 27(1):105\u2013107","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3274_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.07.020","volume":"9","author":"C Trenkwalder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Trenkwalder C, H\u00f6gl B, Benes H, Kohnen R (2008) Augmentation in restless legs syndrome is associated with low ferritin. Sleep Med 9(5):572\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.07.020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3274_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27040","volume":"32","author":"C Trenkwalder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trenkwalder C, Winkelmann J, Oertel W, Virgin G, Roubert B, Mezzacasa A (2017) Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with restless legs syndrome and nonanemic iron deficiency: a randomized trial. Mov Disord 32(10):1478\u20131482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27040","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-02-768580","volume":"131","author":"M Truman-Rosentsvit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Truman-Rosentsvit M, Berenbaum D, Spektor L, Cohen LA, Belizowsky-Moshe S, Lifshitz L, Ma J, Li W, Kesselman E, Abutbul-Ionita I, Danino D, Gutierrez L, Li H, Li K, Lou H, Regoni M, Poli M, Glaser F, Rouault TA, Meyron-Holtz EG (2018) Ferritin is secreted via 2 distinct nonclassical vesicular pathways. Blood 131(3):342\u2013352","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91076.2008","volume":"106","author":"EL Unger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Unger EL, Earley CJ, Beard JL (2009) Diurnal cycle influences peripheral and brain iron levels in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 106(1):187\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.91076.2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"3274_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.12.056","volume":"263","author":"EL Unger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unger EL, Jones BC, Bianco LE, Allen RP, Earley CJ (2014) Diurnal variations in brain iron concentrations in BXD RI mice. Neuroscience 263:54\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.12.056","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"3274_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X","volume":"134","author":"J Vymazal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vymazal J, Brooks RA, Patronas N, Hajek M, Jeff WM, Bulte, and Giovanni Di Chiro (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging of brain iron in health and disease. J Neurol Sci 134:19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-510X. (95)00204-F","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3274_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2019.02.005","volume":"84","author":"QW Wade","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wade QW, Brian Chiou, James RC (2019) Iron uptake at the blood-brain barrier is influenced by sex and genotype. Adv Pharmacol 84:123\u2013145","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3274_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.11.003","volume":"10","author":"J Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang J, O\u2019Reilly B, Venkataraman R, Mysliwiec V, Mysliwiec A (2009) Efficacy of oral iron in patients with restless legs syndrome and a low-normal ferritin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sleep Med 10(9):973\u2013975","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3274_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11390","volume":"21","author":"JW Winkelman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Winkelman JW, Berkowski JA, DelRosso LM, Koo BB, Scharf MT, Sharon D, Zak RS, Kazmi U, Falck-Ytter Y, Shelgikar AV, Trotti LM, Walters AS (2025) Treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med 21(1):137\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.11390","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3274_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2099","volume":"39","author":"J Winkelmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Winkelmann J, Schormair B, Lichtner P, Ripke S, Xiong L, Jalilzadeh S, Fulda S, P\u00fctz B, Eckstein G, Hauk S (2007) Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nat Genet 39(8):1000\u20131006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"3274_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn443","volume":"18","author":"L Xiong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xiong L, Catoire H, Dion P, Gaspar C, Lafreni\u00e8re RG, Girard SL, Levchenko A, Rivi\u00e8re JB, Fiori L, St-Onge J, Bachand I, Thibodeau P, Allen R, Earley C, Turecki G, Montplaisir J, Rouleau GA (2009) MEIS1 intronic risk haplotype associated with restless legs syndrome affects its mRNA and protein expression levels. Hum Mol Genet 18(6):1065\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddn443","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"3274_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25104","volume":"82","author":"G Yepes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yepes G, Guitart X, Rea W, Newman AH, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Quiroz C, Ferr\u00e9 S (2017) Targeting hypersensitive corticostriatal terminals in restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 82(6):951\u2013960","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3274_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1282","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00634.2011","volume":"302","author":"L Yin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yin L, Unger EL, Jellen LC, Earley CJ, Allen RP, Tomaszewicz A, Fleet JC, Jones BC (2012) Systems genetic analysis of multivariate response to iron deficiency in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302(11):R1282\u2013R1296","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3274_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20550","volume":"20","author":"L Zecca","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zecca L, Berg D, Arzberger T, Ruprecht P, Rausch WD, Musicco M, Tampellini D, Riederer P, Gerlach M, Becker G (2005) In vivo detection of iron and neuromelanin by transcranial sonography: a new approach for early detection of substantia nigra damage. Mov Disord 20(10):1278\u20131285","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3274_CR144","first-page":"109","volume":"57","author":"X Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang X, Chen WW, Huang WJ (2015) Efficacy of the low-dose Saccharum iron treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Panminerva Med 57(3):109\u2013113","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03274-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03274-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03274-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:19:17Z","timestamp":1792577957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03274-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-026-03274-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}