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This study analyzed satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) across 100 cities from 2000 to 2020 using summer Landsat imagery at five-year intervals, evaluating LC\u2013LST relationships through a three-level framework: net compositional change, pixel-level transition-specific pathways, and a Relative Temperature Index (RTI) revealing cross-city thermal signatures. LC change does not simply raise average temperatures \u2013 it preferentially amplifies the most dangerous heat. Extreme-heat metrics responded 1.5\u20131.7\u00d7 more strongly than mean \u0394LST to the same transitions. Water loss showed the strongest association with \u0394LST increases (+\u20093.7\u20134.9 K regardless of destination class), while impervious expansion was the most consistent predictor (+\u20092.9\u20134.2 K across source classes) and the strongest significant predictor of net city-scale warming (R\u00b2 \u2248 0.23), alongside a significant cooling association with cropland gain. Mean LST across LC classes rose 1.3\u20132.6\u00d7 faster than global mean land-only temperature over the study period, and extreme-heat metrics rose 2.9\u20134.5\u00d7 faster, indicating urban surfaces amplify background climate warming beyond LC conversion alone. RTI analysis confirmed consistent relative thermal ordering across cities: impervious covers were consistently warmer than city means (RTI\u2009=\u20091.011), water cooler (RTI\u2009=\u20090.988), and vegetation near-neutral (RTI\u2009=\u20091.000). These results \u2013 consistent across three analytical levels, underscoring the value of this hierarchical framework \u2013 show that mitigation strategies should prioritize protecting water bodies and limiting impervious expansion, evaluated against extreme-heat metrics rather than mean temperature alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-026-06604-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:51:14Z","timestamp":1791665474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Land-cover change and urban heat in a warming climate: a global satellite perspective"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"157","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7677-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saghi","family":"Sarafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Lippitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gernot","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"6604_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/environments8100105","volume":"8","author":"CRD Almeida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida CRD, Teodoro AC, Gon\u00e7alves A (2021) Study of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Using Remote Sensing Data\/Techniques: A Systematic Review. 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