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In South Africa, the country with the\n            highest number of new infections annually, HIV vaccine research has been ongoing since\n            2003 with collaborative public-private-philanthropic partnerships. So far, 21 clinical\n            trials have been conducted in South Africa, investigating seven viral vectors, three DNA\n            plasmids, four envelope proteins, five adjuvants and three monoclonal antibodies. Active\n            vaccine candidates have spanned subtypes A, B, C, E and multi-subtype mosaic sequences.\n            All were well tolerated. Four concepts were investigated for efficacy: rAd5-gag\/pol\/nef\n            showed increased HIV acquisition in males, subtype C ALVAC\/gp120\/MF59 showed no\n            preventative efficacy, and the trials for the VRC01 monoclonal antibody and\n            Ad26.Mos4.HIV\/subtype C gp140\/ aluminum phosphate are ongoing. Future trials are planned\n            with DNA\/viral vector plus protein combinations in concert with pre-exposure\n            prophylaxis, and sequential immunization studies with transmitted\/founder HIV envelope\n            to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Finally, passive immunization trials are\n            underway to build on the experience with VRC01, including single and combination\n            antibody trials with an antibody derived from a subtype-C-infected South African donor.\n            Future consideration should be given to the evaluation of novel strategies, for example,\n            inactivated-whole-virus vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04777-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T04:20:13Z","timestamp":1597378813000},"page":"2439-2452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Review of preventative HIV vaccine clinical\n         trials in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"165","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5231-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Laher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda-Gail","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica M.","family":"Lazarus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenda E.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4777_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2019) UNAIDS Data 2019. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2019\/2019-UNAIDS-data. 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The funders had no role\n               in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}