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However, the lack of a reproducible <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cell culture system has impaired research and the development of preventive measures, therapeutic drugs, and vaccines. The aim of this study was to analyze and optimize a suitable cell line for <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cultivation of hNoV. The Caco-2 cell line, which is of colorectal origin and differentiates spontaneously into intestinal enterocyte-like cells, was chosen as a model. It was found that differentiated cells were more susceptible to infection with hNoV, resulting in a higher virus yield. This was accompanied by an increase in H type 1 antigen in the cell membrane during differentiation, which functions as an attachment factor for hNoV. Induced overexpression of H type 1 antigen in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells resulted in an increase in viral output to a level similar to that in differentiated cells. However, the relatively low level of viral output, which contrasts with what is observed <jats:italic>in vivo,<\/jats:italic> shows that the viral replication cycle is restricted in this model. The results indicate that there is a block at the level of viral release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05437-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T19:04:56Z","timestamp":1649790296000},"page":"1421-1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Analysis and optimization of a Caco-2 cell culture model for infection with human norovirus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"Pohl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grit","family":"Szczepankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5129-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe Gerd","family":"Liebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"5437_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/119.6.668","volume":"119","author":"JL Adler","year":"1969","unstructured":"Adler JL, Zickl R (1969) Winter vomiting disease. 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