{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:15:09Z","timestamp":1792984509260,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which, like smallpox, is characterised by skin rashes. While the world is currently grappling with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the appearance of MPXV has presented a global threat and raised concerns worldwide. Since May 2022, MPXV has spread rapidly in non-endemic mpox areas. As of 27 June 2023, the virus has spread to more than 112 countries and regions, with over 88,060 laboratory-confirmed cases and 147 deaths. Thus, measures to control the mpox epidemic are urgently needed. As the principal methods for identifying and monitoring mpox, laboratory detection techniques play an important role in mpox diagnosis. This review summarises the currently-used laboratory techniques for MPXV detection, discusses progress in improving these methods, and compares the benefits and limitations of various diagnostic detection methods. Currently, nucleic acid amplification tests, such as the polymerase chain reaction, are the most commonly used. Immunological methods have also been applied to diagnose the disease, which can help us discover new features of MPXV, improve diagnostic accuracy, track epidemic trends, and guide future prevention and control strategies, which are also vital for controlling mpox epidemics. This review provides a resource for the scientific community and should stimulate more research and development in alternative diagnostics to be applied to this and future public health crises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05848-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T19:01:31Z","timestamp":1691262091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Mpox: a review of laboratory detection techniques"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"5848_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X","volume":"401","author":"O Mitj\u00e0","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitj\u00e0 O, Ogoina D, Titanji BK et al (2022) Monkeypox. Lancet 401:60\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5848_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.05.030","volume":"340","author":"N Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK et al (2005) Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology 340:46\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2005.05.030","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"5848_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01907-y","volume":"28","author":"J Isidro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Isidro J, Borges V, Pinto M et al (2022) Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus. Nat Med 28:1569\u20131572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01907-y","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"5848_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007791","volume":"13","author":"EM Beer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beer EM, Rao VB (2019) A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0007791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007791","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","volume":"16","author":"EM Bunge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L et al (2022) The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16:e0010141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR6","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans","author":"SN Shchelkunov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shchelkunov SN, Marennikova SS, Moyer RW (2005) Orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans. Springer, New York, pp 11\u201318"},{"key":"5848_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003756","volume":"9","author":"SN Shchelkunov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shchelkunov SN (2013) An increasing danger of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003756","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"5848_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","volume":"46","author":"P von Magnus","year":"2009","unstructured":"von Magnus P, Andersen EK, Petersen KB, Birch-Andersen A (2009) A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. APMIS 46:156\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"5848_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add1583","volume":"376","author":"J Cohen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cohen J (2022) Monkeypox outbreak questions intensify as cases soar. Science 376:902\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.add1583","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5848_CR10","first-page":"593","volume":"46","author":"ID Ladnyj","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E (1972) A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ 46:593\u2013597","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"5848_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01436-2","volume":"400","author":"EJ Tar\u00edn-Vicente","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tar\u00edn-Vicente EJ, Alemany A, Agud-Dios M et al (2022) Clinical presentation and virological assessment of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in Spain: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 400:661\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01436-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"22","key":"5848_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200422","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200422","volume":"27","author":"R Vivancos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vivancos R, Anderson C, Blomquist P et al (2022) Community transmission of monkeypox in the United Kingdom, April to May 2022. Eurosurveillance 27(22):2200422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200422","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"5848_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072410","volume":"378","author":"A Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel A, Bilinska J, Tam JCH et al (2022) Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series. BMJ 378:e072410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-072410","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5848_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00651-X","volume":"23","author":"KM Angelo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Angelo KM, Smith T, Camprub\u00ed-Ferrer D et al (2022) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with monkeypox in the GeoSentinel Network: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis 23:196\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00651-X","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.3.643","volume":"17","author":"PEM Fine","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fine PEM, Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H (1988) The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol 17:643\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/17.3.643","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5848_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081342","volume":"10","author":"KC See","year":"2022","unstructured":"See KC (2022) Vaccination for monkeypox virus infection in humans: a review of key considerations. Vaccines 10:1342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10081342","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"5848_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00574-6","volume":"22","author":"GA Poland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poland GA, Kennedy RB, Tosh PK (2022) Prevention of monkeypox with vaccines: a rapid review. Lancet Infect Dis 22:e349\u2013e358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00574-6","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"24","key":"5848_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200448","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2200448","volume":"27","author":"F Miura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miura F, van Ewijk CE, Backer JA et al (2022) Estimated incubation period for monkeypox cases confirmed in the Netherlands, May 2022. Eurosurveillance 27(24):2200448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2200448","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"5848_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386","volume":"49","author":"D Mileto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mileto D, Riva A, Cutrera M et al (2022) New challenges in human monkeypox outside Africa: a review and case report from Italy. Travel Med Infect Dis 49:102386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202264048","volume":"64","author":"IM Claro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Claro IM, Romano CM, da Candido DS et al (2022) Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of the first case of monkeypox virus in Brazil, 2022. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 64:e48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1678-9946202264048","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"5848_CR21","unstructured":"WHO Director-General declares the ongoing monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news\/item\/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern. Accessed 21 Jul 2022"},{"key":"5848_CR22","unstructured":"2022 Monkeypox Outbreak: Global Trends. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022. https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/mpx_global\/. Accessed 27 Jun 2023"},{"key":"5848_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293","volume":"156","author":"Z Jezek","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M (1987) Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis 156:293\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.221075","volume":"28","author":"A Lewis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lewis A, Josiowicz A, Hirmas Riade SM et al (2022) Introduction and differential diagnosis of monkeypox in Argentina, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 28:2123\u20132125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2810.221075","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00906-z","volume":"20","author":"BD Kevadiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kevadiya BD, Machhi J, Herskovitz J et al (2021) Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Mater 20:593\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41563-020-00906-z","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"5848_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.07.012","volume":"169","author":"Y Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhao H, Wilkins K et al (2010) Real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of monkeypox virus West African and Congo Basin strain DNA. J Virol Methods 169:223\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.07.012","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"5848_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x","volume":"225","author":"JR Weaver","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weaver JR, Isaacs SN (2008) Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins. Immunol Rev 225:96\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"5848_CR28","unstructured":"Laboratory testing for the monkeypox virus: Interim guidance https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/WHO-MPX-laboratory-2022.1. Accessed 05 Dec 2022"},{"key":"5848_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2208860","volume":"387","author":"A Gessain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gessain A, Nakoune E, Yazdanpanah Y (2022) Monkeypox. N Engl J Med 387:1783\u20131793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2208860","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5848_CR30","first-page":"31","volume":"90","author":"Z Jezek","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jezek Z, Nakano JH, Arita I et al (1987) Serological survey for human monkeypox infections in a selected population in Zaire. J Trop Med Hyg 90:31\u201338","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5848_CR31","unstructured":"WHO Surveillance, Case Investigation and Contact Tracing for Mpox (Monkeypox): Interim Guidance. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-MPX-Surveillance-2022.4. Accessed 22 Dec 2022"},{"key":"5848_CR32","unstructured":"CDC, Interim Biosafety Guidelines for Laboratory Personnel Handling Human and Animal Specimens for Monkeypox Testing. Available online\u202f: https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/programs\/preparedness\/Smallpox\/pdf\/labbiosafetyguide.pdf. Accessed 22 Dec 2022"},{"key":"5848_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2023.43.2.137","volume":"43","author":"KH Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong KH, Kim GJ, Roh KH et al (2023) Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of monkeypox in Korea. Ann Lab Med 43:137\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3343\/alm.2023.43.2.137","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"5848_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.8.2069-2076.1995","volume":"33","author":"SL Ropp","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ropp SL, Jin Q, Knight JC et al (1995) PCR strategy for identification and differentiation of small pox and other orthopoxviruses. J Clin Microbiol 33:2069\u20132076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.33.8.2069-2076.1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5848_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(96)02155-6","volume":"64","author":"H Meyer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meyer H, Ropp SL, Esposito JJ (1997) Gene for A-type inclusion body protein is useful for a polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate orthopoxviruses. J Virol Methods 64:217\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-0934(96)02155-6","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"5848_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-0934(98)00099-8","volume":"74","author":"H Neubauer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Neubauer H, Reischl U, Ropp S et al (1998) Specific detection of monkeypox virus by polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 74:201\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0166-0934(98)00099-8","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"5848_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1108957","volume":"57","author":"R Yadav","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yadav R, Shukla P (2017) An overview of advanced technologies for selection of probiotics and their expediency: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57:3233\u20133242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2015.1108957","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"5848_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102459","volume":"50","author":"M Altindis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altindis M, Puca E, Shapo L (2022) Diagnosis of monkeypox virus\u2014an overview. Travel Med Infect Dis 50:102459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102459","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00586-2","volume":"23","author":"R Palich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palich R, Burrel S, Monsel G et al (2023) Viral loads in clinical samples of men with monkeypox virus infection: a French case series. Lancet Infect Dis 23:74\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00586-2","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200598","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.33.2200598","volume":"27","author":"C Veintimilla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Veintimilla C, Catal\u00e1n P, Alonso R et al (2022) The relevance of multiple clinical specimens in the diagnosis of monkeypox virus, Spain, June 2022. Euro Surveill 27:2200598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.33.2200598","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"5848_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700143","volume":"84","author":"DA Kulesh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kulesh DA, Loveless BM, Norwood D et al (2004) Monkeypox virus detection in rodents using real-time 3\u2019-minor groove binder TaqMan assays on the Roche LightCycler. Lab Invest 84:1200\u20131208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/labinvest.3700143","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"5848_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.03.012","volume":"36","author":"Y Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li Y, Olson VA, Laue T et al (2006) Detection of monkeypox virus with real-time PCR assays. J Clin Virol 36:194\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.03.012","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"5848_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.05.002","volume":"175","author":"SN Shchelkunov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shchelkunov SN, Shcherbakov DN, Maksyutov RA, Gavrilova EV (2011) Species-specific identification of variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses by multiplex real-time PCR assay. J Virol Methods 175:163\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.05.002","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"5848_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2016.07.024","volume":"236","author":"RA Maksyutov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maksyutov RA, Gavrilova EV, Shchelkunov SN (2016) Species-specific differentiation of variola, monkeypox, and varicella-zoster viruses by multiplex real-time PCR assay. J Virol Methods 236:215\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jviromet.2016.07.024","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"5848_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1261","volume":"11","author":"Y Edghill-Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Edghill-Smith Y, Golding H, Manischewitz J et al (2005) Smallpox vaccine\u2013induced antibodies are necessary and sufficient for protection against monkeypox virus. Nat Med 11:740\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1261","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"5848_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2022.09.001","volume":"24","author":"ZL Chelsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chelsky ZL, Dittmann D, Blanke T et al (2022) Validation study of a direct real-time PCR protocol for detection of monkeypox virus. J Mol Diagn 24:1155\u20131159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2022.09.001","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"key":"5848_CR47","unstructured":"FDA Authorizes Quest Diagnostics\u2019 Proprietary Monkeypox Test for Emergency Use. https:\/\/www.questdiagnostics.com\/healthcare-professionals\/about-our-tests\/infectious-diseases\/monkeypox. Accessed 10 Dec 2022"},{"key":"5848_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0567","volume":"96","author":"D Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li D, Wilkins K, McCollum AM et al (2017) Evaluation of the GeneXpert for human monkeypox diagnosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96:405\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0567","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5848_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY02246E","volume":"12","author":"L Becherer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Becherer L, Borst N, Bakheit M et al (2020) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) \u2013 review and classification of methods for sequence-specific detection. Anal Methods 12:717\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C9AY02246E","journal-title":"Anal Methods"},{"key":"5848_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2014.151.166","volume":"17","author":"K Dhama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dhama K, Karthik K, Chakraborty S et al (2014) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA (LAMP): a new diagnostic tool lights the world of diagnosis of animal and human pathogens: a review. Pak J Biol Sci 17:151\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/pjbs.2014.151.166","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"key":"5848_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E63","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","volume":"28","author":"T Notomi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H et al (2000) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 28:E63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"5848_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02714","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02714-22","volume":"10","author":"J Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng J, Xue G, Cui X et al (2022) Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid and visual detection of monkeypox virus. Microbiol Spectr 10:e02714-e2722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02714-22","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"5848_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21494","volume":"81","author":"I Iizuka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iizuka I, Saijo M, Shiota T et al (2009) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based diagnostic assay for monkeypox virus infections. J Med Virol 81:1102\u20131108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.21494","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"5848_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2002.0415","volume":"16","author":"K Nagamine","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nagamine K, Hase T, Notomi T (2002) Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers. Mol Cell Probes 16:223\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/mcpr.2002.0415","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"5848_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AN01621F","volume":"144","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, Macdonald J, von Stetten F (2018) Review: A comprehensive summary of a decade development of the recombinase polymerase amplification. Analyst 144:31\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C8AN01621F","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"5848_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040204","volume":"4","author":"O Piepenburg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Piepenburg O, Williams CH, Stemple DL, Armes NA (2006) DNA detection using recombination proteins. PLoS Biol 4:e204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040204","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"5848_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.03.015","volume":"95","author":"SD Davi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davi SD, Kissenk\u00f6tter J, Faye M et al (2019) Recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of Monkeypox virus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 95:41\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.03.015","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2019.03.018","volume":"575","author":"G-C Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo G-C, Yi T-T, Jiang B et al (2019) Betaine-assisted recombinase polymerase assay with enhanced specificity. Anal Biochem 575:36\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ab.2019.03.018","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"5848_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-004-0046-3","volume":"60","author":"FJM Mojica","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mojica FJM, D\u00edez-Villase\u00f1or C, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez J, Soria E (2005) Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements. J Mol Evol 60:174\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00239-004-0046-3","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"5848_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10886","volume":"482","author":"B Wiedenheft","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wiedenheft B, Sternberg SH, Doudna JA (2012) RNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea. Nature 482:331\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10886","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5848_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6245","volume":"360","author":"JS Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen JS, Ma E, Harrington LB et al (2018) CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity. Science 360:436\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aar6245","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5848_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28385","volume":"95","author":"Q Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Q, Gul I, Liu C et al (2022) CRISPR-Cas12-based field-deployable system for rapid detection of synthetic DNA sequence of the monkeypox virus genome. J Med Virol 95:e28385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.28385","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"5848_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102112","volume":"14","author":"L Mao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mao L, Ying J, Selekon B et al (2022) Development and characterization of recombinase-based isothermal amplification assays (RPA\/RAA) for the rapid detection of monkeypox virus. Viruses 14:2112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14102112","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"5848_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.08.043","volume":"85","author":"Y Sui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sui Y, Xu Q, Liu M et al (2022) CRISPR-Cas12a-based detection of monkeypox virus. J Infect 85:702\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.08.043","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"5848_CR65","unstructured":"Cross-Neutralizing and Protective Human Antibody Specificities to Poxvirus Infections. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27768891\/. Accessed 5 Dec 2022"},{"key":"5848_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111257","volume":"12","author":"E Alakunle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI (2020) Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: Infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Viruses 12:1257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12111257","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"5848_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185898","volume":"27","author":"D Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi D, He P, Song Y et al (2022) Kinetic and structural aspects of glycosaminoglycan-monkeypox virus protein A29 interactions using surface plasmon resonance. Molecules 27:5898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27185898","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"5848_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.7.867-872.2005","volume":"12","author":"KL Karem","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karem KL, Reynolds M, Braden Z et al (2005) Characterization of acute-phase humoral immunity to monkeypox: use of immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of monkeypox infection during the 2003 North American Outbreak. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12:867\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CDLI.12.7.867-872.2005","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"5848_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1404.071044","volume":"14","author":"ME Dubois","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubois ME, Slifka MK (2008) Retrospective analysis of monkeypox infection. Emerg Infect Dis 14:592\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1404.071044","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0779","volume":"12","author":"ME Dubois","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dubois ME, Hammarlund E, Slifka MK (2012) Optimization of peptide-based ELISA for serological diagnostics: a retrospective study of human monkeypox infection. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12:400\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2011.0779","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90240-1","volume":"163","author":"Y Ichihashi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ichihashi Y, Oie M (1988) Epitope mosaic on the surface proteins of orthopoxviruses. Virology 163:133\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90240-1","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"5848_CR72","unstructured":"JOYSBIO https:\/\/en.joysbio.com\/monkeypox-rapid-test-kit\/"},{"key":"5848_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90281-5","volume":"112","author":"WN Burnette","year":"1981","unstructured":"Burnette WN (1981) \u201cWestern blotting\u201d: electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate\u2013polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A. Anal Biochem 112:195\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90281-5","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"5848_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(68)90247-7","volume":"22","author":"SA Berson","year":"1968","unstructured":"Berson SA, Yalow RS (1968) General principles of radioimmunoassay. Clin Chim Acta 22:51\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0009-8981(68)90247-7","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"5848_CR75","first-page":"1","volume":"28","author":"M Gentile","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gentile M, Gelderblom HR (2005) Rapid viral diagnosis: role of electron microscopy. New Microbiol 28:1\u201312","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"5848_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01969-9","volume":"400","author":"M M\u00fcller","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcller M, Ingold-Heppner B, Stocker H et al (2022) Electron microscopy images of monkeypox virus infection in 24-year-old man. Lancet 400:1618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01969-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5848_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.07.005","volume":"85","author":"E Orviz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orviz E, Negredo A, Ayerdi O et al (2022) Monkeypox outbreak in Madrid (Spain): clinical and virological aspects. J Infect 85:412\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.07.005","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"5848_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040142","volume":"10","author":"HR Gelderblom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gelderblom HR, Madeley D (2018) Rapid viral diagnosis of orthopoxviruses by electron microscopy: optional or a must? Viruses 10:142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10040142","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"5848_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","volume":"350","author":"KD Reed","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB et al (2004) The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N Engl J Med 350:342\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5848_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200675","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.36.2200675","volume":"27","author":"D Moschese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moschese D, Pozza G, Mileto D et al (2022) Isolation of viable monkeypox virus from anal and urethral swabs, Italy, May to July 2022. Euro Surveill 27:2200675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.36.2200675","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"5848_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/br.37.1.1-18.1973","volume":"37","author":"CT Cho","year":"1973","unstructured":"Cho CT, Wenner HA (1973) Monkeypox virus. Bacteriol Rev 37:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/br.37.1.1-18.1973","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"5848_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.190076","volume":"25","author":"N Erez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E et al (2019) Diagnosis of imported monkeypox, Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 25:980\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2505.190076","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5848_CR83","first-page":"529","volume":"48","author":"JH Nakano","year":"1973","unstructured":"Nakano JH (1973) Evaluation of virological laboratory methods for smallpox diagnosis. Bull World Health Organ 48:529\u2013534","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"5848_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-110","volume":"7","author":"J Farlow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farlow J, Ichou MA, Huggins J, Ibrahim S (2010) Comparative whole genome sequence analysis of wild-type and cidofovir-resistant monkeypoxvirus. Virol J 7:110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422X-7-110","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"5848_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.182","volume":"15","author":"CJ Houldcroft","year":"2017","unstructured":"Houldcroft CJ, Beale MA, Breuer J (2017) Clinical and biological insights from viral genome sequencing. Nat Rev Microbiol 15:183\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.182","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"5848_CR86","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (2022) Technical Brief (interim) and Priority Actions: Enhancing Readiness for monkeypox in WHO South-East Asia Region. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/searo\/whe\/monkeypox\/searo-mp-techbrief_priority-actions_300522.pdf?sfvrsn=ae7be762_1. Accessed 22 Dec 2022"},{"key":"5848_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-58-2-251","volume":"58","author":"D Baxby","year":"1982","unstructured":"Baxby D (1982) The surface antigens of orthopoxviruses detected by cross-neutralization tests on cross-absorbed antisera. J Gen Virol 58:251\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/0022-1317-58-2-251","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"5848_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890010107","volume":"1","author":"JJ Esposito","year":"1977","unstructured":"Esposito JJ, Obijeski JF, Nakano JH (1977) Serological relatedness of monkeypox, variola, and vaccinia viruses. J Med Virol 1:35\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.1890010107","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"5848_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.52.1.290-292.1984","volume":"52","author":"LF Roumillat","year":"1984","unstructured":"Roumillat LF, Patton JL, Davis ML (1984) Monoclonal antibodies to a monkeypox virus polypeptide determinant. J Virol 52:290\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.52.1.290-292.1984","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"5848_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00672-z","volume":"5","author":"MMH Shandhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shandhi MMH, Cho PJ, Roghanizad AR et al (2022) A method for intelligent allocation of diagnostic testing by leveraging data from commercial wearable devices: a case study on COVID-19. NPJ Digit Med 5:130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-022-00672-z","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"5848_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106383","volume":"152","author":"AI Saleh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saleh AI, Rabie AH (2023) Human monkeypox diagnose (HMD) strategy based on data mining and artificial intelligence techniques. Comput Biol Med 152:106383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106383","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5848_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28479","volume":"95","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou J, Xiao F, Fu J et al (2023) Rapid detection of monkeypox virus by multiple cross displacement amplification combined with nanoparticle-based biosensor platform. J Med Virol 95(2):e28479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.28479","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"5848_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2022.2134214","author":"M Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel M, Surti M, Adnan M (2022) Artificial intelligence (AI) in Monkeypox infection prevention. J Biomol Struct Dyn. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07391102.2022.2134214","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"}],"container-title":["Archives of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00705-023-05848-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00705-023-05848-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00705-023-05848-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T03:22:27Z","timestamp":1692242547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00705-023-05848-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-023-05848-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-8608","1432-8798"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-8608","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-8798","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This work did not involve the use of human or animal subjects.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"221"}}