{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T13:09:40Z","timestamp":1774962580906,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16H06429, 16K21723, 17H05809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H06429, 16K21723, 17H05809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Joint Usage\/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University","award":["2021\u2013Ippan-35, 2022-Ippan-32, 2024-Ippan-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u2013Ippan-35, 2022-Ippan-32, 2024-Ippan-28"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-026-06606-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:20:24Z","timestamp":1774362024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of a novel toti-like virus symbiotic with Giardia duodenalis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8783-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shintaro","family":"Shichinohe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Izumiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Takaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syun-ichi","family":"Urayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuro","family":"Nunoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Kazama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6606_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(86)90132-5","volume":"21","author":"AL Wang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wang AL, Wang CC (1986) Discovery of a specific double-stranded RNA virus in Giardia lamblia. Mol Biochem Parasitol 21:269\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0166-6851(86)90132-5","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"6606_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(88)90003-5","volume":"28","author":"RL Miller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller RL, Wang AL, Wang CC (1988) Purification and characterization of the Giardia lamblia double-stranded RNA virus. Mol Biochem Parasitol 28:189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0166-6851(88)90003-5","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"6606_CR3","unstructured":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2024) Ghabrivirales. https:\/\/ictv.global\/taxonomy\/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202407231&taxon_name=Ghabrivirales. Accessed 25 Mar 2025"},{"key":"6606_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02745-14","volume":"89","author":"ME Janssen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Janssen ME, Takagi Y, Parent KN, Cardone G, Nibert ML, Baker TS (2015) Three-dimensional structure of a protozoal double-stranded RNA virus that infects the enteric pathogen Giardia lamblia. J Virol 89:1182\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02745-14","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"6606_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8595","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.18.8595","volume":"90","author":"AL Wang","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wang AL, Yang HM, Shen KA, Wang CC (1993) Giardiavirus double-stranded RNA genome encodes a capsid polypeptide and a gag-pol-like fusion protein by a translation frameshift. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:8595\u20138599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.90.18.8595","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"6606_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060654","volume":"9","author":"G Marucci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marucci G, Zullino I, Bertuccini L, Camerini S, Cecchetti S, Pietrantoni A, Casella M, Vatta P, Greenwood AD, Fiorillo A, Lalle M (2021) Re-discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and functional analysis of viruses from Giardia duodenalis isolates. Biomedicines 9:654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9060654","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"6606_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008216","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008216","volume":"15","author":"J Charon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charon J, Grigg MJ, Eden JS, Piera KA, Rana H, William T, Rose K, Davenport MP, Anstey NM, Holmes EC (2019) Novel RNA viruses associated with Plasmodium vivax in human malaria and Leucocytozoon parasites in avian disease. PLOS Pathog 15:e1008216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008216","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"6606_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18474-w","volume":"11","author":"CM Kinsella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kinsella CM, Bart A, Deijs M, Broekhuizen P, Kaczorowska J, Jebbink MF, van Gool T, Cotten M, van der Hoek L (2020) Entamoeba and Giardia parasites implicated as hosts of CRESS viruses. Nat Commun 11:4620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18474-w","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6606_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME15171","volume":"31","author":"SI Urayama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Urayama SI, Takaki Y, Nunoura T (2016) FLDS: A comprehensive DSRNA sequencing method for intracellular RNA virus surveillance. Microbes Environ 31:33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1264\/jsme2.ME15171","journal-title":"Microbes Environ"},{"key":"6606_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12936","volume":"18","author":"SI Urayama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Urayama SI, Takaki Y, Nishi S, Yoshida-Takashima Y, Deguchi S, Takai K, Nunoura T (2018) Unveiling the RNA virosphere associated with marine microorganisms. Mol Ecol Resour 18:1444\u20131455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12936","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"6606_CR11","first-page":"46","volume":"19","author":"F Nakamura-Uchiyama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Nakamura I, Komiya N, Ohnishi K, Suzuki J, Kobayashi S (2008) Two cases of traveler\u2019s diarrhea infected in India due to internal protozoa infection. Clin Parasitol 19:46\u201348 (in Japanese)","journal-title":"Clin Parasitol"},{"key":"6606_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001459","volume":"138","author":"J Suzuki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suzuki J, Murata R, Kobayashi S, Sadamasu K, Kai A, Takeuchi T (2011) Risk of human infection with Giardia duodenalis from cats in Japan and genotyping of the isolates to assess the route of infection in cats. Parasitology 138:493\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182010001459","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"6606_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90120-7","volume":"77","author":"DB Keister","year":"1983","unstructured":"Keister DB (1983) Axenic culture of Giardia lamblia in TYI-S-33 medium supplemented with bile. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 77:487\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90120-7","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6606_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10327-014-0575-6","volume":"81","author":"R Okada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okada R, Kiyota E, Moriyama H, Fukuhara T, Natsuaki T (2015) A simple and rapid method to purify viral dsRNA from plant and fungal tissue. J Gen Plant Pathol 81:103\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10327-014-0575-6","journal-title":"J Gen Plant Pathol"},{"key":"6606_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ME20152","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME20152","volume":"36","author":"M Hirai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hirai M, Takaki Y, Kondo F, Horie M, Urayama SI, Nunoura T (2021) RNA viral metagenome analysis of subnanogram dsRNA using fragmented and primer ligated dsRNA sequencing (FLDS). Microbes Environ 36:ME20152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1264\/jsme2.ME20152","journal-title":"Microbes Environ"},{"key":"6606_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021387","volume":"120","author":"SE Lee","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lee SE, Suh JM, Scheffter S, Patterson JL, Chung IK (1996) Identification of a ribosomal frameshift in Leishmania RNA virus 1\u20134. J Biochem 120:22\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021387","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"6606_CR17","unstructured":"Sato Y, and the ICTV Totiviridae Study Group (2023) Reorganize the order Ghabrivirales to create three new suborders, 15 new families, 12 new genera,176 new species. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Available at: https:\/\/ictv.global\/ictv\/proposals\/2023.015F.Ghabrivirales_reorg.zip. Accessed 28 February 2026"},{"key":"6606_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001959","volume":"145","author":"SL Currie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Currie SL, Stephenson N, Palmer AS, Jones BL, Hawkins G, Alexander CL (2017) Under-reporting giardiasis: Time to consider the public health implications. Epidemiol Infect 145:3007\u20133011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268817001959","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"6606_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026204","volume":"16","author":"PT Monis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Monis PT, Andrews RH, Mayrhofer G, Ey PL (1999) Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol Biol Evol 16:1135\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026204","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"6606_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1876.1","volume":"95","author":"KB Miska","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miska KB, Jenkins MC, Trout JM, Sant\u00edn M, Fayer R (2009) Detection and comparison of Giardia virus (GLV) from different assemblages of Giardia duodenalis. J Parasitol 95:1197\u20131200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-1876.1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"6606_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(88)90056-2","volume":"66","author":"RL Miller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller RL, Wang AL, Wang CC (1988) Identification of Giardia lamblia isolates susceptible and resistant to infection by the double-stranded RNA virus. Exp Parasitol 66:118\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4894(88)90056-2","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Archives of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06606-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06606-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06606-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T12:14:24Z","timestamp":1774959264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06606-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["6606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06606-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-8608","1432-8798"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-8608","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-8798","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This work did not include any studies involving human participants or animals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}}],"article-number":"143"}}