{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:13:16Z","timestamp":1792782796751,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Turku","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vghhr25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Virol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) threaten human and animal health in northern Europe, where\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes persulcatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are expanding their range. In Finland, the genetic diversity, population structure, and tick-associated RNA virome of these species remain insufficiently characterized. Characterizing tick-borne viruses in Finland is essential to detect emerging pathogens at the northern edge of tick expansion, where climate-driven ecological change may facilitate the spread of novel viruses with potential risks to human and animal health. We applied single-tick metatranscriptomic approach to profile and compare the RNA viromes of 92 adult\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>I. persulcatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    collected from two locations in Finland. We identified 42 RNA viruses spanning 12 families, with\n                    <jats:italic>Nairoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Phenuiviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Partitiviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Flaviviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Rhabdoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    being the most represented. Viral community composition differed significantly between tick species, with\n                    <jats:italic>I. persulcatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibiting more constrained but\n                    <jats:italic>bunyaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    -dominated viromes, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed greater inter-individual variability and enrichment of partiti-like and iflavirus taxa. Phylogenetic reconstruction of conserved viral proteins supported the presence of several divergent viral lineages and confirmed the first detection of multiple Eurasian tick-associated viruses in Finland, including Nuomin virus, Beiji nairovirus, and Onega tick phlebovirus. Several detected viruses clustered within clades that include known or suspected zoonotic agents, highlighting the need for close monitoring of tick populations, especially in zones of sympatric occurrence where hybridization and associated close contact between the tick species have been observed. These findings reveal substantial, species-structured viral diversity in Finnish\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-026-06741-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:31:18Z","timestamp":1790015478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Meta-transcriptomic profiling of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks from Finland reveals diverse RNA viromes, community structuring, and emerging viral lineages"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4371-0005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theophilus Yaw","family":"Alale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"M\u00e4ntt\u00e4ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3308-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi M.","family":"Viitaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Ozerov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5919-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Baltazar-Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6763-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jani J.","family":"Sormunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3665-5802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eero J.","family":"Vesterinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6741_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alale TY, Sormunen JJ, Vesterinen EJ, Klemola T, Knott KE, Baltazar-Soares M (2024) Genomic signatures of hybridization between Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus in natural populations. Ecol Evol 14(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.11415","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11415"},{"key":"6741_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkishe AA, Peterson AT, Samy AM (2017) Climate change influences on the potential geographic distribution of the disease vector tick Ixodes ricinus. PLoS ONE 12(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0189092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189092"},{"key":"6741_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"6741_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson MJ, Walsh DCI (2013) PERMANOVA, ANOSIM, and the Mantel test in the face of heterogeneous dispersions: What null hypothesis are you testing? Ecol Monogr 83(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/12-2010.1","DOI":"10.1890\/12-2010.1"},{"key":"6741_CR5","unstructured":"Andrew S (2010) FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/"},{"key":"6741_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bente DA, Forrester NL, Watts DM, McAuley AJ, Whitehouse CA, Bray M (2013) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. In Antiviral Research (Vol. 100, Number 1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.006"},{"key":"6741_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolger AM (2014) L. M., & U. B. Trimmomatic: A flexible read trimming tool for Illumina NGS data. Bioinformatics, btu170","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"6741_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bratuleanu BE, R\u0103ileanu C, Bennouna A, Chretien D, Bigot T, Guardado-Calvo P, Savuta G, Moutailler S, Eloit M, Temmam S (2023) Diversity of Viruses in Ixodes ricinus in Europe including Novel and Potential Arboviruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/6661723","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6661723"},{"key":"6741_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brites-Neto J, Duarte KMR, Martins TF (2015) Tick-borne infections in human and animal population worldwide. Veterinary World 8(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2015.301-315","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.301-315"},{"key":"6741_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bugmyrin S, Hokkanen TJ, Romanova L, Bespyatova L, Fyodorov F, Burenkova L, Yakimova A, Ieshko E (2011) Ixodes persulcatus [Schulze 1930] (Acari: Ixodidae) in eastern Finland. Entomologica Fennica 22(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33338\/ef.84556","DOI":"10.33338\/ef.84556"},{"key":"6741_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bushmanova E, Antipov D, Lapidus A, Prjibelski AD (2019) RnaSPAdes: A de novo transcriptome assembler and its application to RNA-Seq data. GigaScience 8(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giz100","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz100"},{"key":"6741_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cantalapiedra CP, Hern\u0317andez-Plaza A, Letunic I, Bork P, Huerta-Cepas J (2021) eggNOG-mapper v2: Functional Annotation, Orthology Assignments, and Domain Prediction at the Metagenomic Scale. Mol Biol Evol 38(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msab293","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab293"},{"key":"6741_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Charrel RN, Attoui H, Butenko AM, Clegg JC, Deubel V, Frolova TV, Gould EA, Gritsun TS, Heinz FX, Labuda M, Lashkevich VA, Loktev V, Lundkvist A, Lvov DV, Mandl CW, Niedrig M, Papa A, Petrov VS, Plyusnin A, de Lamballerie X (2004) Tick-borne virus diseases of human interest in Europe. In Clinical Microbiology and Infection (Vol. 10, Number 12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01022.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01022.x"},{"key":"6741_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cayol C, J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen A, Koskela E, Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen S, Mappes T, Siukkola A, Kallio ER (2018) Sympatric Ixodes-tick species: pattern of distribution and pathogen transmission within wild rodent populations. Sci Rep 8(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-35031-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35031-0"},{"key":"6741_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cotes-Perdomo A, Soleng A, Alfsnes K, Andreassen \u00c5 (2025) First report of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus in Norway. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 16(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2025.102508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2025.102508"},{"key":"6741_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cramaro WJ, Revets D, Hunewald OE, Sinner R, Reye AL, Muller CP (2015) Integration of Ixodes ricinus genome sequencing with transcriptome and proteome annotation of the na\u00efve midgut. BMC Genomics 16(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-015-1981-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1981-7"},{"key":"6741_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Ahmed F, Anubhav, Babinski M, Baumes J, Borkum M, Bramer L, Canon S, Christianson DS, Corilo YE, Davenport KW, Davis B, Drake M, Duncan WD, Flynn MC, Hays D, Hu B, Huntemann M, Kelliher J, Fagnan K (2022) An integrated multi-omics microbiome data resource. Nucleic Acids Res 50(D1) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkab990. The National Microbiome Data Collaborative Data Portal:","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab990"},{"key":"6741_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ergunay K, Bourke BP, Reinbold-Wasson DD, Nikolich MP, Nelson SP, Caicedo-Quiroga L, Vaydayko N, Kirkitadze G, Chunashvili T, Long LS, Blackburn JK, Cleary NG, Tucker CL, Linton YM (2023) The expanding range of emerging tick-borne viruses in Eastern Europe and the Black Sea Region. Sci Rep 13(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-46879-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46879-2"},{"key":"6741_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, De La Fuente J (2014) The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases. In Antiviral Research (Vol. 108, Number 1) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.05.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.05.016"},{"key":"6741_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, de la Fuente J (2017) Host distribution does not limit the range of the tick ixodes ricinus but impacts the circulation of transmitted pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7(OCT). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00405","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00405"},{"issue":"19","key":"6741_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354","volume":"32","author":"P Ewels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ewels P, Magnusson M, Lundin S, K\u00e4ller M (2016) MultiQC: Summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report. Bioinformatics 32(19):3047\u20133048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"6741_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Finn RD, Clements J, Eddy SR (2011) HMMER web server: Interactive sequence similarity searching. Nucleic Acids Res 39 (SUPPL 2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkr367","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr367"},{"key":"6741_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gurevich A, Saveliev V, Vyahhi N, Tesler G (2013) QUAST: Quality assessment tool for genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 29(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086"},{"key":"6741_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horak IG, Jordaan AJ, Nel PJ, van Heerden J, Heyne H, van Dalen EM (2015) Distribution of endemic and introduced tick species in Free State Province, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 86(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jsava.v86i1.1255","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v86i1.1255"},{"key":"6741_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen AE, Sironen T, Murueva GB, Subbotina N, Alekseev AN, Castr\u00e9n J, Alitalo I, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O (2010) Tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in Finland, Russian Karelia and Buryatia. J Gen Virol 91(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.023663-0","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.023663-0"},{"key":"6741_CR26","unstructured":"Jari Oksanen GL, Simpson FG, Blanchet R, Kindt P, Legendre, Peter R, Minchin RB, O\u2019Hara P, Solymos M, Henry H, Stevens E, Szoecs H, Wagner M, Barbour M, Bedward (2025) Ben Bolker, Daniel Borcard, Tuomas Borman, Gustavo Carvalho, Michael Chirico, Miquel De Caceres, \u2026 James Weedon. Package vegan: Community Ecology Package. CRAN"},{"key":"6741_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia N, Wang J, Shi W, Du L, Sun Y, Zhan W, Jiang JF, Wang Q, Zhang B, Ji P, Bell-Sakyi L, Cui XM, Yuan TT, Jiang BG, Yang WF, Lam TTY, Chang QC, Ding SJ, Wang XJ, Cao WC (2020) Large-Scale Comparative Analyses of Tick Genomes Elucidate Their Genetic Diversity and Vector Capacities. Cell 182(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.023"},{"key":"6741_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jongejan F, Uilenberg G (2004) The global importance of ticks. In Parasitology (Vol. 129, Number SUPPL.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182004005967","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005967"},{"key":"6741_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 30(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"6741_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kelliher JM, Xu Y, Flynn MC, Babinski M, Canon S, Cavanna E, Clum A, Corilo YE, Fujimoto G, Giberson C, Johnson LYD, Li KJ, Li PE, Li V, Lo CC, Lynch W, Piehowski P, Prime K, Purvine SChain, P. S. G. (2024) Standardized and accessible multi-omics bioinformatics workflows through the NMDC EDGE resource. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.09.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.09.018"},{"key":"6741_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kholodilov IS, Belova OA, Ivannikova AY, Gadzhikurbanov MN, Makenov MT, Yakovlev AS, Polienko AE, Dereventsova AV, Litov AG, Gmyl LV, Okhezin EV, Luchinina SV, Klimentov AS, Karganova GG (2022) Distribution and Characterisation of Tick-Borne Flavi-, Flavi-like, and Phenuiviruses in the Chelyabinsk Region of Russia. Viruses 14(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14122699","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122699"},{"issue":"8","key":"6741_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0201-4","volume":"37","author":"D Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim D, Paggi JM, Park C, Bennett C, Salzberg SL (2019) Graph-based genome alignment and genotyping with HISAT2 and HISAT-genotype. Nat Biotechnol 37(8):907\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-019-0201-4","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"6741_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kishimoto M, Itakura Y, Tabata K, Komagome R, Yamaguchi H, Ogasawara K, Nakao R, Qiu Y, Sato K, Kawabata H, Kajihara M, Monma N, Seto J, Shigeno A, Horie M, Sasaki M, Hall WW, Sawa H, Orba Y, Matsuno K (2024) A wide distribution of Beiji nairoviruses and related viruses in Ixodes ticks in Japan. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 15(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102380"},{"key":"6741_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuivanen S, Levanov L, Kareinen L, Sironen T, J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen AJ, Plyusnin I, Zakham F, Emmerich P, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Hepojoki J, Smura T, Vapalahti O (2019) Detection of novel tick-borne pathogen, alongshan virus, in Ixodes ricinus ticks, south-eastern Finland, 2019. Eurosurveillance 24(27). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.27.1900394","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.27.1900394"},{"key":"6741_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.4064","author":"M Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar M, Sharma A, Grover P (2019) Triple Tick Attack. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.4064","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"6741_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laaksonen M, Sajanti E, Sormunen JJ, Penttinen R, H\u00e4nninen J, Ruohom\u00e4ki K, S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rvi I, Vesterinen EJ, Vuorinen I, Hyt\u00f6nen J, Klemola T (2017) Crowdsourcing-based nationwide tick collection reveals the distribution of Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus and associated pathogens in Finland. Emerg Microbes Infections 6(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emi.2017.17","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.17"},{"key":"6741_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Larsson A (2014) AliView: A fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets. Bioinformatics 30(22). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu531","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu531"},{"key":"6741_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lefkowitz EJ, Dempsey DM, Hendrickson RC, Orton RJ, Siddell SG, Smith DB (2018) Virus taxonomy: The database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Nucleic Acids Res 46(D1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkx932","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx932"},{"key":"6741_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Letunic I, Bork P (2024) Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v6: Recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool. Nucleic Acids Res 52(W1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268"},{"key":"6741_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li CX, Shi M, Tian JH, Lin XD, Kang YJ, Chen LJ, Qin XC, Xu J, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ (2015) Unprecedented genomic diversity of RNA viruses in arthropods reveals the ancestry of negative-sense RNA viruses. ELife 2015(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.05378","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05378"},{"key":"6741_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li X, Cheng R, Zhang C, Shao Z (2024) Genomic diversity of phages infecting the globally widespread genus Sulfurimonas. Commun Biology 7(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-024-07079-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07079-4"},{"key":"6741_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindgren E, T\u00e4lleklint L, Polfeldt T (2000) Impact of climatic change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environ Health Perspect 108(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3454509","DOI":"10.2307\/3454509"},{"key":"6741_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Love MI, Huber W, Anders S (2014) Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol 15(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"6741_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma J, Lv XL, Zhang X, Han SZ, Wang ZD, Li L, Sun HT, Ma LX, Cheng ZL, Shao JW, Chen C, Zhao YH, Sui L, Liu LN, Qian J, Wang W, Liu Q (2021) Identification of a new orthonairovirus associated with human febrile illness in China. Nat Med 27(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-01228-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01228-y"},{"key":"6741_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martyn C, Hayes BM, Lauko D, Midthun E, Castaneda G, Bosco-Lauth A, Salkeld DJ, Kistler A, Pollard KS, Chou S (2024) Metatranscriptomic investigation of single Ixodes pacificus ticks reveals diverse microbes, viruses, and novel mRNA-like endogenous viral elements. MSystems 9(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00321-24","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00321-24"},{"key":"6741_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meng F, Ding M, Tan Z, Zhao Z, Xu L, Wu J, He B, Tu C (2019) Virome analysis of tick-borne viruses in Heilongjiang Province, China. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 10(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.12.002"},{"key":"6741_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Namina A, Kazarina A, Lazovska M, Akopjana S, Ulanova V, Kivrane A, Freimane L, Sadovska D, Kimsis J, Bormane A, Capligina V, Ranka R (2023) Comparative Microbiome Analysis of Three Epidemiologically Important Tick Species in Latvia. Microorganisms 11(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11081970","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081970"},{"key":"6741_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nayfach S, Camargo AP, Schulz F, Eloe-Fadrosh E, Roux S, Kyrpides NC (2021) CheckV assesses the quality and completeness of metagenome-assembled viral genomes. Nat Biotechnol 39(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-020-00774-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-00774-7"},{"key":"6741_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nekoei S, Khamesipour F, Benchimol M, Bueno-Mar\u00ed R, Ommi D (2022) SARS-CoV-2 Transmission by Arthropod Vectors: A Scoping Review. In BioMed Research International (Vol. 2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/4329423","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4329423"},{"key":"6741_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, Von Haeseler A, Minh BQ (2015) IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 32(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300"},{"key":"6741_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parola P, Raoult D (2001) Tick-borne bacterial diseases emerging in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 7(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2001.00200.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2001.00200.x"},{"key":"6741_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pettersson JHO, Shi M, Bohlin J, Eldholm V, Brynildsrud OB, Paulsen KM, Andreassen \u00c5, Holmes EC (2017) Characterizing the virome of Ixodes ricinus ticks from northern Europe. Sci Rep 7(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11439-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11439-y"},{"key":"6741_CR53","volume-title":"R Core Team 2021 R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022) R Core Team 2021 R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2"},{"key":"6741_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shang J, Sun Y (2021) CHEER: HierarCHical taxonomic classification for viral mEtagEnomic data via deep leaRning. Methods 189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.05.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.05.018"},{"key":"6741_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi M, Lin XD, Tian JH, Chen LJ, Chen X, Li CX, Qin XC, Li J, Cao JP, Eden JS, Buchmann J, Wang W, Xu J, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ (2016) Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere. Nature 540(7634). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature20167","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20167"},{"key":"6741_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi M, Lin X-D, Vasilakis N, Tian J-H, Li C-X, Chen L-J, Eastwood G, Diao X-N, Chen M-H, Chen X, Qin X-C, Widen SG, Wood TG, Tesh RB, Xu J, Holmes EC, Zhang Y-Z (2016) Divergent Viruses Discovered in Arthropods and Vertebrates Revise the Evolutionary History of the Flaviviridae and Related Viruses. J Virol 90(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.02036-15","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02036-15"},{"key":"6741_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shimada S, Aoki K, Nabeshima T, Fuxun Y, Kurosaki Y, Shiogama K, Onouchi T, Sakaguchi M, Fuchigami T, Ono H, Nishi K, Posadas-Herrera G, Uchida L, Takamatsu Y, Yasuda J, Tsutsumi Y, Fujita H, Morita K, Hayasaka D (2016) Tofla virus: A newly identified Nairovirus of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever group isolated from ticks in Japan. Sci Rep 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep20213","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20213"},{"key":"6741_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sormunen JJ, S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rvi IE, Vesterinen EJ, Klemola T (2023) Crowdsourced tick observation data from across 60 years reveals major increases and northwards shifts in tick contact areas in Finland. Sci Rep 13(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-48744-8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48744-8"},{"key":"6741_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steenwyk JL, Buida TJ, Li Y, Shen XX, Rokas A (2020) ClipKIT: A multiple sequence alignment trimming software for accurate phylogenomic inference. PLoS Biol 18(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001007"},{"key":"6741_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tokarz R, Sameroff S, Tagliafierro T, Jain K, Williams SH, Cucura DM, Rochlin I, Monzon J, Carpi G, Tufts D, Diuk-Wasser M, Brinkerhoff J, Lipkin WI (2018) Identification of Novel Viruses in Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis Ticks. MSphere 3(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00614-17","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00614-17"},{"key":"6741_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TooriansMEM, Smallegange IM, Davies TJ (2024) Host community structure can shape pathogen outbreak dynamics through a phylogenetic dilution effect. Funct Ecol 38(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2435.14641","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14641"},{"key":"6741_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uusitalo R, Siljander M, Lind\u00e9n A, Sormunen JJ, Aalto J, Hendrickx G, Kallio E, Vajda A, Gregow H, Henttonen H, Marsboom C, Korhonen EM, Sironen T, Pellikka P, Vapalahti O (2022) Predicting habitat suitability for Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Finland. Parasites Vectors 15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05410-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05410-8"},{"key":"6741_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vanmechelen B, Merino M, Vergote V, Laenen L, Thijssen M, Mart\u00ed-Carreras J, Claerebout E, Maes P (2021) Exploration of the Ixodes ricinus virosphere unveils an extensive virus diversity including novel coltiviruses and other reoviruses. Virus Evol 7(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ve\/veab066","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veab066"},{"key":"6741_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang J, Wang J, Kuang G, Wu W, Yang L, Yang W, Pan H, Han X, Yang T, Shi M, Feng Y (2023) Meta-transcriptomics for the diversity of tick-borne virus in Nujiang, Yunnan Province. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1283019","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1283019"},{"key":"6741_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang R, Liu S, Sun H, Xu C, Wen Y, Wu X, Zhang W, Nie K, Li F, Fu S, Yin Q, He Y, Xu S, Liang G, Deng L, Wei Q, Wang H (2024) Metatranscriptomics Reveals the RNA Virome of Ixodes Persulcatus in the China\u2013North Korea Border, 2017. Viruses 16(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16010062","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010062"},{"key":"6741_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang SS, Liu JY, Wang BY, Wang WJ, Cui XM, Jiang JF, Sun Y, Guo W, Bin, Pan YS, Zhou YH, Lin ZT, Jiang BG, Zhao L, Cao WC (2023) Geographical distribution of Ixodes persulcatus and associated pathogens: Analysis of integrated data from a China field survey and global published data. One Health 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100508"},{"key":"6741_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang S, Zhao T, Yu X, Lin Z, Hua X, Cui L (2020) Characterization of tick viromes collected from dogs in China. Biosaf Health 2(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bsheal.2020.03.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2020.03.002"},{"key":"6741_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang YC, Wei Z, Lv X, Han S, Wang Z, Fan C, Zhang X, Shao J, Zhao YH, Sui L, Chen C, Liao M, Wang B, Jin N, Li C, Ma J, Hou ZJ, Yang Z, Han Z, Liu Q (2021) A new nairo-like virus associated with human febrile illness in China. Emerg Microbes Infections 10(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2021.1936197","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1936197"},{"key":"6741_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J, Chang W, McGowan L, Fran\u00e7ois R, Grolemund G, Hayes A, Henry L, Hester J, Kuhn M, Pedersen T, Miller E, Bache S, M\u00fcller K, Ooms J, Robinson D, Seidel D, Spinu V, Yutani H (2019) Welcome to the Tidyverse. J Open Source Softw 4(43). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"6741_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wood DE, Lu J, Langmead B (2019) Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2. Genome Biol 20(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0"},{"key":"6741_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zaj\u0105c Z, Kulisz J, Bartosik K, Wo\u017aniak A, Dzier\u017cak M, Khan A (2021) Environmental determinants of the occurrence and activity of Ixodes ricinus ticks and the prevalence of tick-borne diseases in eastern Poland. Sci Rep 11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-95079-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95079-3"},{"key":"6741_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou H, Xu L, Shi W (2023) The human-infection potential of emerging tick-borne viruses is a global public health concern. In Nature Reviews Microbiology (Vol. 21, Number 4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-022-00845-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00845-3"}],"container-title":["Archives of Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06741-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06741-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06741-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:46:26Z","timestamp":1792086386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06741-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["6741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-026-06741-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-8608","1432-8798"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-8608","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-8798","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"281"}}