{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T07:54:41Z","timestamp":1781682881873,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Protoplasma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-026-02182-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T03:12:02Z","timestamp":1774235522000},"page":"1327-1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temperature stress induced anatomical and histological alterations in reproductive organs of Capsicum annuum L"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Sikha","family":"Manoharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpita","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Mangal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhoopal Singh","family":"Tomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subramani","family":"Rajkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshman","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemlata","family":"Bharti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sethu Lakshmi","family":"Suseelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2182_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.11.088","volume":"28","author":"M Alsamir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsamir M, Mahmood T, Trethowan R, Ahmad N (2021) An overview of heat stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L). Saudi J Biol Sci 28:1654\u20131663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.11.088","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2182_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701","volume":"55","author":"K Apel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:373\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Biol"},{"key":"2182_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aslam M, S Brown M, J Kohel R (1964) Evaluation of seven tetrazolium salts as vital pollen stains in cotton Gossypiumhirsutum L. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2135\/cropsci1964.0011183x000400050022x","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1964.0011183x000400050022x"},{"key":"2182_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00497-021-00416-1","volume":"34","author":"J Astrand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Astrand J, Knight C, Robson J, Talle B, Wilson ZA (2021) Evolution and diversity of the angiosperm anther: trends in function and development. Plant Reprod 34:307\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00497-021-00416-1","journal-title":"Plant Reprod"},{"key":"2182_CR5","unstructured":"Bancroft JD, Gamble M (2008) Theory and practice of histological techniques (6th edition). Churchill Livingstone"},{"key":"2182_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/phytokeys.200.71667","volume":"200","author":"GE Barboza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barboza GE, Garc\u00eda CC, Bianchetti LB, Romero MV, Scaldaferro M (2022) Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/phytokeys.200.71667","journal-title":"PhytoKeys"},{"key":"2182_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2008.00756.x","volume":"50","author":"D Barua","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barua D, Heckathorn SA (2008) Variation in heat-shock proteins and photosynthetic thermo tolerance among natural populations of Chenopodium album L. from contrasting thermal environments: implications for plant responses to global warming. J Integr Plant Biol 50:1440\u20131451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2008.00756.x","journal-title":"J Integr Plant Biol"},{"key":"2182_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharya A (2019) Effect of high temperature on crop productivity and metabolism of macro molecules. Academic Press","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817562-0.00001-X"},{"key":"2182_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17380","volume":"231","author":"P Chaturvedi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaturvedi P, Wiese AJ, Ghatak A, ZaveskaDrabkova L, Weckwerth W, Honys D (2021) Heat stress response mechanisms in pollen development. New Phytol 231:571\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nph.17380","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"2182_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-016-1481-0","volume":"147","author":"M Chawla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chawla M, Verma V, Kapoor M, Kapoor S (2017) A novel application of periodic acid\u2013Schiff (PAS) staining and fluorescence imaging for analysing tapetum and microspore development. Histochem Cell Biol 147:103\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00418-016-1481-0","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2182_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.67.5.354","volume":"67","author":"J Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen J, Xu W, Velten J, Xin Z, Stout J (2012) Characterization of maize inbred lines for drought and heat tolerance. J Soil Water Conserv 67:354\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2489\/jswc.67.5.354","journal-title":"J Soil Water Conserv"},{"key":"2182_CR12","unstructured":"Chu C (1963) The application of PAS reaction as a stain technique in plant histology. J Integr Plant Biol, 11"},{"key":"2182_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2014.01.004","volume":"101","author":"S Das","year":"2014","unstructured":"Das S, Krishnan P, Nayak M, Ramakrishnan B (2014) High temperature stress effects on pollens of rice (Oryzasativa L.) genotypes. Environ Exp Bot 101:36\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2014.01.004","journal-title":"Environ Exp Bot"},{"key":"2182_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2017.03.006","volume":"206","author":"SK Dwivedi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dwivedi SK, Basu S, Kumar S, Kumar G, Prakash V, Kumar S, Arora A (2017) Heat stress induced impairment of starch mobilisation regulates pollen viability and grain yield in wheat: study in Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains. Field Crops Res 206:106\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fcr.2017.03.006","journal-title":"Field Crops Res"},{"key":"2182_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcp135","volume":"50","author":"M Endo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Endo M, Tsuchiya T, Hamada K, Kawamura S, Yano K, Ohshima M, Higashitani A, Watanabe M, Kawagishi-Kobayashi M (2009) High temperatures cause male sterility in rice plants with transcriptional alterations during pollen development. Plant Cell Physiol 50:1911\u20131922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pcp\/pcp135","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2182_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1495610","volume":"8","author":"M Erfatpour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erfatpour M, MacLean D, Lahlali R, Jiang Y (2024) Ovule and seed development of crop plants in response to climate change. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 8:1495610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1495610","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems"},{"key":"2182_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0016-8025.2001.00807.x","volume":"25","author":"A Erickson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Erickson A, Markhart AH (2002) Flower developmental stage and organ sensitivity of bell pepper (Capsicum annuumL.) to elevated temperature. Plant Cell Environ 25:123\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0016-8025.2001.00807.x","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"key":"2182_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01147","volume":"8","author":"S Fahad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fahad S, Bajwa AA, Nazir U, Anjum SA, Farooq A, Zohaib A et al (2017) Crop production under drought and heat stress: plant responses and management options. Frontiers in Plant Science 8:1147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2017.01147","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"2182_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2015.08.009","volume":"96","author":"S Fahad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fahad S, Hussain S, Saud S, Tanveer M, Bajwa AA, Hassan S et al (2015) A biochar application protects rice pollen from high-temperature stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 96:281\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2015.08.009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2182_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2006.03.007","volume":"109","author":"N Firon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Firon N, Shaked R, Peet MM, Pharr DM, Zamski E, Rosenfeld K, Pressman E (2006) Pollen grains of heat tolerant tomato cultivars retain higher carbohydrate concentration under heat stress conditions. Sci Hortic 109:212\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scienta.2006.03.007","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"2182_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9106-6","volume":"79","author":"J Fuhrer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fuhrer J, Beniston M, Fischlin A, Frei C, Goyette S, Jasper K et al (2006) Climate risks and their impact on agriculture and forests in Switzerland. Clim Change 79:79\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-006-9106-6","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"2182_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-10279-0.50016-6","volume":"6","author":"M Gamble","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gamble M, Wilson I (2008) The hematoxylins and eosin. Theory Pract histological techniques 6:121\u2013134","journal-title":"Theory Pract histological techniques"},{"key":"2182_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3390\/plants2030489","volume":"2","author":"F Giorno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giorno F, Wolters-Arts M, Mariani C, Rieu I (2013) Ensuring reproduction at high temperatures: the heat stress response during anther and pollen development. Plants 2:489\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants2030489","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2182_CR24","first-page":"136","volume":"26","author":"M Guda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guda M, Taher M, Almayahi B (2019) Anatomical characteristics of vascular bundles associated with heat tolerance in Phragmitesaustralis. AnaleleUniversitatii din Oradea, FasciculaBiologie 26:136\u2013139","journal-title":"AnaleleUniversitatii din Oradea, FasciculaBiologie"},{"key":"2182_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M (2013) Extreme temperature responses, oxidative stress and. abiotic stress: plant responses and applications in agriculture, 169","DOI":"10.5772\/54833"},{"key":"2182_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2011.03.016","volume":"74","author":"A Hedhly","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hedhly A (2011) Sensitivity of flowering plant gametophytes to temperature fluctuations. Environ Exp Bot 74:9\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2011.03.016","journal-title":"Environ Exp Bot"},{"key":"2182_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1980.0011183X002000060030x","volume":"20","author":"MP Herrero","year":"1980","unstructured":"Herrero MP, Johnson RR (1980) High temperature stress and pollen viability of maize 1. Crop Sci 20:796\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2135\/cropsci1980.0011183X002000060030x","journal-title":"Crop Sci"},{"key":"2182_CR28","volume-title":"Genera Solanacearum: the genera of Solanaceae illustrated, arranged according to a new system","author":"AT Hunziker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hunziker AT (2001) Genera Solanacearum: the genera of Solanaceae illustrated, arranged according to a new system. Gantner, Ruggell"},{"key":"2182_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41418-5","volume":"13","author":"MK Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim MK, Jeong HB, Yu N, Park BM, Chae WB, Lee OJ, Kim S (2023) Comparative heat stress responses of three hot pepper (Capsicum annuumL.) genotypes differing temperature sensitivity. Sci Rep 13:14203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-41418-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2182_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-010-9278-0","volume":"13","author":"JH Kotir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kotir JH (2011) Climate change and variability in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of current and future trends and impacts on agriculture and food security. Environ Dev Sustain 13:587\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10668-010-9278-0","journal-title":"Environ Dev Sustain"},{"key":"2182_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-003-1030-7","volume":"217","author":"S Ku","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ku S, Yoon H, Suh HS, Chung YY (2003) Male-sterility of thermo sensitive genic male-sterile rice is associated with premature programmed cell death of the tapetum. Planta 217:559\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00425-003-1030-7","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2182_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcy209","volume":"60","author":"B Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu B, Mo WJ, Zhang D, De Storme N, Geelen D (2019) Cold influences male reproductive development in plants: a hazard to fertility, but a window for evolution. Plant Cell Physiol 60:7\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pcp\/pcy209","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2182_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.108937","volume":"301","author":"P Lorenzo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lorenzo P, Reyes R, Medrano E, Granados R, Bonachela S, Hern\u00e1ndez J, S\u00e1nchez-Guerrero MC (2024) Hybrid passive cooling and heating system for Mediterranean greenhouses. Microclimate and sweet pepper crop response. Agric Water Manage 301:108937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.108937","journal-title":"Agric Water Manage"},{"key":"2182_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.826473","volume":"13","author":"S Malik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malik S, Zhao D (2022) Epigenetic regulation of heat stress in plant male reproduction. Front Plant Sci 13:826473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.826473","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2182_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2006.03.004","volume":"30","author":"EA Mamun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mamun EA, Alfred S, Cantrill LC, Overall RL, Sutton BG (2006) Effects of chilling on male gametophyte development in rice. Cell Biol Int 30(7):583\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellbi.2006.03.004","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"2182_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.1997.11515518","volume":"72","author":"JA Mercado","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mercado JA, Mar Trigo M, Reid MS, Valpuesta V, Quesada MA (1997) Effects of low temperature on pepper pollen morphology and fertility: evidence of cold induced exine alterations. J Hortic Sci 72:317\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14620316.1997.11515518","journal-title":"J Hortic Sci"},{"key":"2182_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00497-016-0281-y","volume":"29","author":"A Mesihovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mesihovic A, Iannacone R, Firon N, Fragkostefanakis S (2016) Heat stress regimes for the investigation of pollen thermotolerance in crop plants. Plant Reprod 29:93\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00497-016-0281-y","journal-title":"Plant Reprod"},{"key":"2182_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3763\/cpol.2003.0330","volume":"3","author":"MMQ Mirza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mirza MMQ (2003) Climate change and extreme weather events: can developing countries adapt? Clim Policy 3:233\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3763\/cpol.2003.0330","journal-title":"Clim Policy"},{"key":"2182_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-014-1056-9","volume":"123","author":"N Mittal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mittal N, Mishra A, Singh R, Kumar P (2014) Assessing future changes in seasonal climatic extremes in the Ganges river basin using an ensemble of regional climate models. Clim Change 123:273\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-014-1056-9","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"2182_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9787.2008.00559_3.x","volume":"48","author":"J Neumann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Neumann J (2008) Regional climate change and variability: impacts and responses. J Reg Sci 48:460\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9787.2008.00559_3.x","journal-title":"J Reg Sci"},{"key":"2182_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oliver SN, Van Dongen JT, Alfred SC, Mamun EA, Zhao X, Saini HS, Fernandes SF, Blanchard CL, Sutton BG, Geigenberger P, Dennis ES, Dolferus R (2005) Cold-induced repression of the rice anther-specific cell wall invertase gene OSINV4 is correlated with sucrose accumulation and pollen sterility. Plant Cell Environ 28(12):1534\u20131551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01390.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01390.x"},{"key":"2182_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1139\/cjb-2021-0078","volume":"100","author":"EE Osorio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osorio EE, Davis AR, Bueckert RA (2022) High temperatures disturb ovule development in field pea (Pisumsativum). Botany 100:47\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjb-2021-0078","journal-title":"Botany"},{"key":"2182_CR44","first-page":"1900","volume":"8","author":"GM Parvez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parvez GM (2017) Current advances in pharmacological activity and toxic effects of various Capsicum species. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res 8:1900\u20131912","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res"},{"key":"2182_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.1998.11510955","volume":"73","author":"E Pressman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pressman E, Moshkovitch H, Rosenfeld K, Shaked R, Gamliel B, Aloni B (1998) Influence of low night temperatures on sweet pepper flower quality and the effect of repeated pollinations, with viable pollen, on fruit setting. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 73:131\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14620316.1998.11510955","journal-title":"J Hortic Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2182_CR46","first-page":"216","volume":"1","author":"E Pressman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pressman E, Shaked R, Firon N (2007) Tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) response to heat stress: focus on pollen grains. Plant Stress 1:216\u2013227","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"2182_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11101986","volume":"11","author":"SN Rajametov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajametov SN, Lee K, Jeong HB, Cho MC, Nam CW, Yang EY (2021) The effect of night low temperature on agronomical traits of thirty-nine pepper accessions(Capsicum annuumL.). Agronomy 11:1986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy11101986","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"2182_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s40502-023-00764-2","volume":"29","author":"V Rajeswari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rajeswari V, Vijayalakshmi D, Srinivasan S, Swarnapriya R, Varanavasiappan S, Jeyakumar P (2024) Physiological and reproductive abrasions in chilli under combined high temperature and water-deficit stress condition. Plant Physiol Rep 29:88\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40502-023-00764-2","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2182_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjar\/2019\/32.4.609.624","author":"MK Razzaq","year":"2019","unstructured":"Razzaq MK, Rauf S, Khurshid M, Iqbal S, Bhat JA, Farzand A, Gai J (2019) Pollen Viability an Index of Abiotic Stresses Tolerance and Methods for the Improved Pollen Viability. Pakistan J Agricultural Res. 32https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17582\/journal.pjar\/2019\/32.4.609.624","journal-title":"Pakistan J Agricultural Res"},{"key":"2182_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reddy MK, Shivashankara KS, Geetha GA, Pavithra KC (2016) Capsicum (hot pepper and bell pepper). Abiotic stress physiology of horticultural crops, pp 151\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-81-322-2725-0_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2725-0_9"},{"key":"2182_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.59665\/rar4242","volume":"42","author":"AA Rezk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rezk AA, Mohamed M, Mohamed HI, Ismail AH, Al-Dossary O (2025) Impact of climate changes to adaptability of some rice germplasm (Oryzasativa L.) under high temperature through quantitative traits and simple sequence repeats (SSR) marker. Rom Agric Res 42:483\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59665\/rar4242","journal-title":"Rom Agric Res"},{"key":"2182_CR51","unstructured":"Rylski I (1986) Pepper (capsicum). Handbook of fruit set and development, pp 341\u2013354"},{"key":"2182_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/51.342.81","volume":"51","author":"A Sakamoto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sakamoto A, Murata N (2000) Genetic engineering of glycinebetaine synthesis in plants: current status and implications for enhancement of stress tolerance. J Exp Bot 51:81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jexbot\/51.342.81","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"2182_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2003.12.007","volume":"102","author":"R Shaked","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shaked R, Rosenfeld K, Pressman E (2004) The effect of low night temperatures on carbohydrates metabolism in developing pollen grains of pepper in relation to their number and functioning. Sci Hortic 102:29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scienta.2003.12.007","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"2182_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00402","volume":"7","author":"KD Sharma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharma KD, Nayyar H (2016) Regulatory networks in pollen development under cold stress. Front Plant Sci 7:174684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00402","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"2182_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12284-022-00578-0","volume":"15","author":"W Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi W, Yang J, Kumar R, Zhang X, Impa SM, Xiao G, Jagadish SK (2022) Heat stress during gametogenesis irreversibly damages female reproductive organ in rice. Rice 15:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12284-022-00578-0","journal-title":"Rice"},{"key":"2182_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr60.2016.0003","volume":"60","author":"MV Sivakumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sivakumar MV (2020) Climate extremes and impacts on agriculture. Agroclimatology: Link Agric Clim 60:621\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/agronmonogr60.2016.0003","journal-title":"Agroclimatology: Link Agric Clim"},{"key":"2182_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith PG, Heiser Jr CB (1951) Taxonomic and genetic studies on the cultivated peppers, Capsicum annuum L. and C. frutescens L. Am J Bot, pp 362\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2437824","DOI":"10.2307\/2437824"},{"key":"2182_CR59","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"L Spencer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spencer L, Bancroft J, Bancroft J, Gamble M (2012) Tissue processing. Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, 7nd ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, Netherlands, Amsterdam, pp 105\u201323","edition":"7nd ed"},{"key":"2182_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-4623.2020.00004.3","volume":"13","author":"A Srivastava","year":"2020","unstructured":"Srivastava A, Mangal M, Parihar BR (2020) Development and characterization of heat tolerant genotypes in chilli (Capsicum annuum L). Ann Hortic 13:34\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5958\/0976-4623.2020.00004.3","journal-title":"Ann Hortic"},{"key":"2182_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46488\/NEPT.2022.v21i04.043","author":"S Talwar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Talwar S, Bamel K, Mal A (2022) Effect of high temperature on reproductive phase of plants: a review. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46488\/NEPT.2022.v21i04.043","journal-title":"Nature Environment & Pollution Technology"},{"key":"2182_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2009.09.004","volume":"67","author":"P Thakur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thakur P, Kumar S, Malik JA, Berger JD, Nayyar H (2010) Cold stress effects on reproductive development in grain crops: an overview. Environ andExperimental Bot 67:429\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2009.09.004","journal-title":"Environ andExperimental Bot"},{"key":"2182_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/10520290500138372","volume":"80","author":"M Titford","year":"2005","unstructured":"Titford M (2005) The long history of hematoxylin. Biotechnic & histochemistry 80:73\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10520290500138372","journal-title":"Biotechnic&amp;histochemistry"},{"key":"2182_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tiwari A, Dassen H, Heuvelink E (2006) Selection of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for parthenocarpic fruit growth. In XXVII International Horticultural Congress-IHC2006: International Symposium on Advances in Environmental Control, Automation 761 (pp. 135\u2013140). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/ActaHortic.2007.761.16","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2007.761.16"},{"key":"2182_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2007.05.011","volume":"61","author":"A Wahid","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wahid A, Gelani S, Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007) Heat tolerance in plants: an overview. Environ Exp Bot 61:199\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2007.05.011","journal-title":"Environ Exp Bot"},{"issue":"5","key":"2182_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-018-0568-6","volume":"24","author":"H Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang H, Gong M, Xin H, Tang L, Dai D, Gao Y, Liu C (2018) Effects of chilling stress on the accumulation of soluble sugars and their key enzymes in Jatropha curcas seedlings. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 24(5):857\u2013865. Epub 2018 Jun 30 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12298-018-0568-6. Epub 2018 Jun 30","journal-title":"Physiol Mol Biol Plants"},{"key":"2182_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18699","volume":"237","author":"J Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu J, Sun W, Sun C, Xu C, Li S, Li P, Wu S (2023) Cold stress induces malformed tomato fruits by breaking the feedback loops of stem cell regulation in floral meristem. New Phytol 237:2268\u20132283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nph.18699","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"2182_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19320-9","volume":"11","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Y, Zhang L, Ou S, Wang R, Wang Y, Chu C, Yao S (2020) Natural variations of SLG1 confer high-temperature tolerance in indica rice. Nat Commun 11:5441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-19320-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2182_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh038","volume":"55","author":"LW Young","year":"2004","unstructured":"Young LW, Wilen RW, Bonham-Smith PC (2004) High temperature stress of Brassica napus during flowering reduces micro\u2010and megagametophyte fertility, induces fruit abortion, and disrupts seed production. J Exp Bot 55:485\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erh038","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"2182_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65912-7_10","volume-title":"Harsh environment and plant resilience: molecular and functional aspects","author":"N Zahra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zahra N, Shaukat K, Hafeez MB, Raza A, Hussain S, Chaudhary MT, Wahid A (2021) Physiological and molecular responses to high, chilling, and freezing temperature in plant growth and production: consequences and mitigation possibilities. Harsh environment and plant resilience: molecular and functional aspects. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 235\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-65912-7_10"},{"key":"2182_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8111056","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Bei Z, Ma H, Wei Z, Zhou J, Ren Y, Song Z (2022) Abnormal programmed cell death of tapetum leads to the pollen abortion of Lyciumbarbarum Linnaeus. Horticulturae 8:1056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/horticulturae8111056","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"2182_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13213013","volume":"13","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang X, Ma X, Wang S, Liu S, Shi S (2024) Physiological and genetic aspects of resistance to abiotic stresses in Capsicum species. Plants 13:3013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13213013","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2182_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq053","volume":"61","author":"KE Zinn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zinn KE, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Harper JF (2010) Temperature stress and plant sexual reproduction: uncovering the weakest links. J Exp Bot 61:1959\u20131968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erq053","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"}],"container-title":["Protoplasma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00709-026-02182-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00709-026-02182-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00709-026-02182-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T07:21:18Z","timestamp":1781680878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00709-026-02182-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00709-026-02182-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-183X","1615-6102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-183X","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-6102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}