{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:46:39Z","timestamp":1790351199962,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]],"date-time":"2017-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491782400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"LIRH (Lega Italiana Ricerca Huntington)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Amino Acids"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2417-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]],"date-time":"2017-04-10T05:38:14Z","timestamp":1491802694000},"page":"1147-1157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Glucose transportation in the brain and its impairment in Huntington disease: one more shade of the energetic metabolism failure?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Veronica","family":"Morea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eris","family":"Bidollari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Colotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Fiorillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"De Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Squitieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ilari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001214","volume":"84","author":"IM Adanyeguh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adanyeguh IM, Rinaldi D, Henry P-G et al (2015) Triheptanoin improves brain energy metabolism in patients with Huntington disease. Neurology 84:490\u2013495. doi: 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001214","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2417_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00301-5","volume":"64","author":"GA Badr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Badr GA, Zhang JZ, Tang J et al (1999) Glut1 and Glut3 expression, but not capillary density, is increased by cobalt chloride in rat cerebrum and retina. Mol Brain Res 64:24\u201333. doi: 10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00301-5","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"2417_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118765","volume":"10","author":"MT Besson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Besson MT, Alegr\u00eda K, Garrido-Gerter P et al (2015) Enhanced neuronal glucose transporter expression reveals metabolic choice in a HD Drosophila model. PLoS One 10:1\u201323. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0118765","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2417_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.12.3384","volume":"51","author":"EM Bingham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bingham EM, Hopkins D, Smith D et al (2002) The role of insulin in human brain glucose metabolism: an 18fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. Diabetes 51:3384\u20133390. doi: 10.2337\/diabetes.51.12.3384","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2417_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00216.x","volume":"9","author":"SE Browne","year":"1999","unstructured":"Browne SE, Ferrante RJ, Beal MF (1999) Oxidative stress in Huntington\u2019s disease. Brain Pathol 9:147\u2013163","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"2417_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(99)90098-7","volume":"48","author":"BA Bruckner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bruckner BA, Ammini CV, Otal MP et al (1999) Regulation of brain glucose transporters by glucose and oxygen deprivation. Metabolism 48:422\u2013431. doi: 10.1016\/S0026-0495(99)90098-7","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2417_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.25274","volume":"10","author":"RA Burkhart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burkhart RA, Pineda DM, Chand SN et al (2013) HuR is a post-transcriptional regulator of core metabolic enzymes in pancreatic cancer. RNA Biol 10:1312\u20131323. doi: 10.4161\/rna.25274","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"2417_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp243","volume":"18","author":"RK Chaturvedi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaturvedi RK, Adhihetty P, Shukla S et al (2009) Impaired PGC-1\u03b1 function in muscle in Huntington\u2019s disease. Hum Mol Genet 18:3048\u20133065. doi: 10.1093\/hmg\/ddp243","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2417_CR9","first-page":"17","volume":"20","author":"J Cherry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cherry J, Karschner V, Jones H, Pekala PH (2006) HuR, an RNA-binding protein, involved in the control of cellular differentiation. In Vivo 20:17\u201323","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"2417_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00619-4","volume":"111","author":"C Choeiri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Choeiri C, Staines W, Messier C (2002) Immunohistochemical localization and quantification of glucose transporters in the mouse brain. Neuroscience 111:19\u201334. doi: 10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00619-4","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2417_CR11","first-page":"215","volume":"47","author":"A Ciarmiello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ciarmiello A, Cannella M, Lastoria S et al (2006) Brain white-matter volume loss and glucose hypometabolism precede the clinical symptoms of Huntington\u2019s disease. J Nucl Med 47:215\u2013222","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2417_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2114-z","volume":"39","author":"A Ciarmiello","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ciarmiello A, Giovacchini G, Orobello S et al (2012) 18F-FDG PET uptake in the pre-Huntington disease caudate affects the time-to-onset independently of CAG expansion size. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 39:1030\u20131036. doi: 10.1007\/s00259-012-2114-z","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2417_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22668","volume":"226","author":"M Cifuentes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cifuentes M, Garc\u00eda MA, Arrabal PM et al (2011) Insulin regulates GLUT1-mediated glucose transport in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 226:1425\u20131432. doi: 10.1002\/jcp.22668","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2417_CR14","unstructured":"Clarke D, Sokoloff L (1999) Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain. In: Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, Fisher SK, Uhler MD (eds)\u00a0Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects, 6th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 637\u2013639"},{"key":"2417_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.09.015","volume":"127","author":"L Cui","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cui L, Jeong H, Borovecki F et al (2006) Transcriptional repression of PGC-1\u03b1 by mutant huntingtin leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Cell 127:59\u201369. doi: 10.1016\/j.cell.2006.09.015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2417_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13306","volume":"510","author":"D Deng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deng D, Xu C, Sun P et al (2014) Crystal structure of the human glucose transporter GLUT1. Nature 510:121\u2013125. doi: 10.1038\/nature13306","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2417_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14655","volume":"526","author":"D Deng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deng D, Sun P, Yan C et al (2015) Molecular basis of ligand recognition and transport by glucose transporters. Nature 526:391\u2013396. doi: 10.1038\/nature14655","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2417_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20120021","volume":"4","author":"GA Dienel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dienel GA (2012) Fueling and imaging brain activation. ASN Neuro 4:267\u2013321. doi: 10.1042\/AN20120021","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"2417_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24406","volume":"78","author":"J Drouin-Ouellet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drouin-Ouellet J, Sawiak SJ, Cisbani G et al (2015) Cerebrovascular and blood-brain barrier impairments in Huntington\u2019s disease: potential implications for its pathophysiology. Ann Neurol 78:160\u2013177. doi: 10.1002\/ana.24406","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2417_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/384017","author":"AI Duarte","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duarte AI, Moreira PI, Oliveira CR (2012) Insulin in central nervous system: more than just a peripheral hormone. J Aging Res. doi: 10.1155\/2012\/384017","journal-title":"J Aging Res"},{"key":"2417_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm217","volume":"130","author":"A Feigin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feigin A, Tang C, Ma Y et al (2007) Thalamic metabolism and symptom onset in preclinical Huntington\u2019s disease. Brain 130:2858\u20132867. doi: 10.1093\/brain\/awm217","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2417_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D279","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1344","volume":"44","author":"RD Finn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Finn RD, Coggill P, Eberhardt RY et al (2016) The Pfam protein families database: towards a more sustainable future. Nucl Acids Res 44:D279\u2013D285. doi: 10.1093\/nar\/gkv1344","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"2417_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(02)00390-7","volume":"1593","author":"C Fladeby","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fladeby C, Skar R, Serck-Hanssen G (2003) Distinct regulation of glucose transport and GLUT1\/GLUT3 transporters by glucose deprivation and IGF-I in chromaffin cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1593:201\u2013208. doi: 10.1016\/S0167-4889(02)00390-7","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"2417_CR24","unstructured":"Formenti F, Constantin-teodosiu D, Emmanuel Y et al (2010) Regulation of human metabolism by hypoxia-inducible factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:12722\u201312727. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1002339107\/-\/DCSupplemental.www.pnas.org\/cgi\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1002339107"},{"key":"2417_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63041392.x","volume":"63","author":"WC Gamberino","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gamberino WC, Brennan WA Jr (1994) Glucose transporter isoform expression in Huntington\u2019s disease brain. J Neurochem 63:1392\u20131397","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2417_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20950","volume":"99","author":"KR Gantt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gantt KR, Cherry J, Richardson M et al (2006) The regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT1) expression by the RNA binding protein HuR. J Cell Biochem 99:565\u2013574. doi: 10.1002\/jcb.20950","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2417_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.08.009","volume":"28","author":"TJ Huang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huang TJ, Verkhratsky A, Fernyhough P (2005) Insulin enhances mitochondrial inner membrane potential and increases ATP levels through phosphoinositide 3-kinase in adult sensory neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 28:42\u201354. doi: 10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.08.009","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2417_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17862","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311485110","volume":"110","author":"CV Iancu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iancu CV, Zamoon J, Bum S et al (2013) Crystal structure of a glucose\/H+ symporter and its mechanism of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:17862\u201317867. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1311485110","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2417_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/211969a0","volume":"211","author":"O Jardetzky","year":"1966","unstructured":"Jardetzky O (1966) Simple allosteric model for membrane pumps. Nature 211:969\u2013970. doi: 10.1038\/211969a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2417_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/09687680110090","volume":"18","author":"HG Joost","year":"2001","unstructured":"Joost HG, Thorens B (2001) The extended GLUT-family of sugar\/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members (review). Mol Membr Biol 18:247\u2013256. doi: 10.1080\/09687680110090","journal-title":"Mol Membr Biol"},{"key":"2417_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4149\/endo_2014_01_35","volume":"48","author":"J Jurcovicova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jurcovicova J (2014) Glucose transport in brain\u2014effect of inflammation. Endocr Regul 48:35\u201348. doi: 10.4149\/endo_2014_01_35","journal-title":"Endocr Regul"},{"key":"2417_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603735113","volume":"113","author":"K Kapoor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kapoor K, Finer-Moore JS, Pedersen BP et al (2016) Mechanism of inhibition of human glucose transporter GLUT1 is conserved between cytochalasin B and phenylalanine amides. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:4711\u20134716. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1603735113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2417_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13412","volume":"282","author":"J Keaney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keaney J, Campbell M (2015) The dynamic blood\u2013brain barrier. FEBS J 282:4067\u20134079. doi: 10.1111\/febs.13412","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2417_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0850-1","volume":"40","author":"T Klopstock","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klopstock T, Elstner M, Bender A (2011) Creatine in mouse models of neurodegeneration and aging. Amino Acids 40:1297\u20131303. doi: 10.1007\/s00726-011-0850-1","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2417_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.05.012","volume":"69","author":"S Kovac","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kovac S, Abramov AY, Walker MC (2013) Energy depletion in seizures: anaplerosis as a strategy for future therapies. Neuropharmacology 69:96\u2013104. doi: 10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.05.012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2417_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.4.476","volume":"65","author":"NM Lalic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lalic NM, Maric J, Svetel M et al (2008) Glucose homeostasis in Huntington disease: abnormalities in insulin sensitivity and early-phase insulin secretion. Arch Neurol 65:476\u2013480. doi: 10.1001\/archneur.65.4.476","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2417_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)90770-7","volume":"115","author":"Z Laron","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laron Z (2009) Insulin and the brain. Arch Physiol Biochem 115:112\u2013116. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)90770-7","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2417_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.06.008","volume":"1802","author":"XJ Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li XJ, Orr AL, Li S (2010) Impaired mitochondrial trafficking in Huntington\u2019s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1802:62\u201365","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"2417_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.04.070","volume":"421","author":"X Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li X, Valencia A, McClory H et al (2012) Deficient Rab11 activity underlies glucose hypometabolism in primary neurons of Huntington\u2019s disease mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 421:727\u2013730. doi: 10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.04.070","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2417_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5780","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M704704200","volume":"283","author":"D Lim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim D, Fedrizzi L, Tartari M et al (2008) Calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction in striatal neurons of Huntington disease. J Biol Chem 283:5780\u20135789. doi: 10.1074\/jbc.M704704200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2417_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.29","volume":"31","author":"S Mangia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mangia S, DiNuzzo M, Giove F et al (2011) Response to \u2018comment on recent modeling studies of astrocyte-neuron metabolic interactions\u2019: much ado about nothing. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 31:1346\u20131353. doi: 10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.29","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2417_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-014-0178-7","volume":"2","author":"H McClory","year":"2014","unstructured":"McClory H, Williams D, Sapp E et al (2014) Glucose transporter 3 is a rab11-dependent trafficking cargo and its transport to the cell surface is reduced in neurons of CAG140 Huntington\u2019s disease mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:179. doi: 10.1186\/s40478-014-0178-7","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2417_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001","volume":"36","author":"P Mergenthaler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mergenthaler P, Lindauer U, Dienel GA, Meisel A (2013) Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends Neurosci 36:587\u2013597. doi: 10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2417_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M504749200","volume":"280","author":"T Milakovic","year":"2005","unstructured":"Milakovic T, Johnson GVW (2005) Mitochondrial respiration and ATP production are significantly impaired in striatal cells expressing mutant huntingtin. J Biol Chem 280:30773\u201330782. doi: 10.1074\/jbc.M504749200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2417_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2010.72","volume":"18","author":"F Mochel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mochel F, Duteil S, Marelli C et al (2010) Dietary anaplerotic therapy improves peripheral tissue energy metabolism in patients with Huntington\u2019s disease. Eur J Hum Genet 18:1057\u20131060. doi: 10.1038\/ejhg.2010.72","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2417_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311475","author":"F Mochel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mochel F, Hainque E, Gras D et al (2015) Triheptanoin dramatically reduces paroxysmal motor disorder in patients with GLUT1 deficiency. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. doi: 10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311475","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2417_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0000000000000197","volume":"74","author":"NN Naseri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naseri NN, Xu H, Bonica J et al (2015) Abnormalities in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Huntington disease and in a Huntington disease mouse model. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 74:527\u2013537. doi: 10.1097\/nen.0000000000000197","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2417_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14909","volume":"526","author":"N Nomura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nomura N, Verdon G, Kang HJ et al (2015) Structure and mechanism of the mammalian fructose transporter GLUT5. Nature 526:397\u2013401. doi: 10.1038\/nature14909","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2417_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.16.070196.001315","volume":"16","author":"AL Olson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Olson AL, Pessin JE (1996) Structure, function, and regulation of the mammalian facilitative glucose transporter gene family. Annu Rev Nutr 16:235\u2013256. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.nu.16.070196.001315","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2417_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403576111","volume":"111","author":"AB Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel AB, Lai JC, Chowdhury GM et al (2014) Direct evidence for activity-dependent glucose phosphorylation in neurons with implications for the astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:5385\u20135390. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1403576111","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2417_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12042","volume":"496","author":"BP Pedersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pedersen BP, Kumar H, Waight AB et al (2013) Crystal structure of a eukaryotic phosphate transporter. Nature 496:533\u2013536. doi: 10.1038\/nature12042","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2417_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.149","volume":"32","author":"L Pellerin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pellerin L, Magistretti PJ (2012) Sweet sixteen for ANLS. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32:1152\u20131166. doi: 10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.149","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2417_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.12.3461","volume":"17","author":"SSY Peng","year":"1998","unstructured":"Peng SSY, Chen CYA, Xu N, Bin Shyu A (1998) RNA stabilization by the AU-rich element binding protein, HuR, an ELAV protein. EMBO J 17:3461\u20133470. doi: 10.1093\/emboj\/17.12.3461","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2417_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609833104","volume":"104","author":"WJ Powers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Powers WJ, Videen TO, Markham J et al (2007) Selective defect of in vivo glycolysis in early Huntington\u2019s disease striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:2945\u20132949. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0609833104","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2417_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2569","volume":"20","author":"EM Quistgaard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quistgaard EM, L\u00f6w C, Moberg P et al (2013) Structural basis for substrate transport in the GLUT-homology family of monosaccharide transporters. Nat Struct Mol Biol 20:766\u2013768. doi: 10.1038\/nsmb.2569","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"2417_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2015.25","volume":"17","author":"EM Quistgaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quistgaard EM, L\u00f6w C, Guettou F, Nordlund P (2016) Understanding transport by the major facilitator superfamily (MFS): structures pave the way. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 17:123\u2013132. doi: 10.1038\/nrm.2015.25","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2417_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-5-40","volume":"5","author":"RAC Roos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roos RAC (2010) Huntington\u2019s disease: a clinical review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 5:40. doi: 10.1186\/1750-1172-5-40","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"2417_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-130078","volume":"2","author":"CV Russo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Russo CV, Salvatore E, Sacc\u00e0 F et al (2013) Insulin sensitivity and early-phase insulin secretion in normoglycemic Huntington\u2019s disease patients. J Huntingt Dis 2:501\u2013507. doi: 10.3233\/JHD-130078","journal-title":"J Huntingt Dis"},{"key":"2417_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0298-188","volume":"18","author":"G Seidner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Seidner G, Alvarez MG, Yeh J-I et al (1998) GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome caused by haploinsufficiency of the blood-brain barrier hexose carrier. Nat Genet 18:188\u2013191. doi: 10.1038\/ng0298-188","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2417_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(01)02090-1","volume":"7","author":"GL Semenza","year":"2001","unstructured":"Semenza GL (2001) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: oxygen homeostasis and disease pathophysiology. Trends Mol Med 7:345\u2013350. doi: 10.1016\/S1471-4914(01)02090-1","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2417_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(98)00040-2","volume":"23","author":"A Siegel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Siegel A, Roeling TA, Gregg TR, Kruk MR (1999) Neuropharmacology of brain-stimulation-evoked aggression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23:359\u2013389. doi: 10.1016\/S0149-7634(98)00040-2","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2417_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E242","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90388.2008","volume":"295","author":"IA Simpson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simpson IA, Dwyer D, Malide D et al (2008) The facilitative glucose transporter GLUT3: 20\u00a0years of distinction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295:E242\u2013E253. doi: 10.1152\/ajpendo.90388.2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2417_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-010-1439-8","volume":"37","author":"F Squitieri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Squitieri F, Ciarmiello A (2010) Editorial: key role of nuclear medicine in seeking biomarkers of Huntington\u2019s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:1124\u20131127. doi: 10.1007\/s00259-010-1439-8","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2417_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11524","volume":"490","author":"L Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun L, Zeng X, Yan C et al (2012) Crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of glucose transporters GLUT1\u20134. Nature 490:361\u2013366. doi: 10.1038\/nature11524","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2417_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5899","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.17.5899-5912.2001","volume":"21","author":"MG Vander Heiden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vander Heiden MG, Plas DR, Rathmell JC et al (2001) Growth factors can influence cell growth and survival through effects on glucose metabolism. Mol Cell Biol 21:5899\u20135912. doi: 10.1128\/MCB.21.17.5899-5912.2001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2417_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199709)21:1<2::AID-GLIA2>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"21","author":"SJ Vannucci","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vannucci SJ, Maher F, Simpson IA (1997) Glucose transporter proteins in brain: delivery of glucose to neurons and glia. Glia 21:2\u201321. doi: 10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199709)21:1<2:AID-GLIA2>3.0.CO;2-C","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2417_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00103-6","volume":"797","author":"SJ Vannucci","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vannucci SJ, Koehler-Stec EM, Li K et al (1998a) GLUT4 glucose transporter expression in rodent brain: effect of diabetes. Brain Res 797:1\u201311. doi: 10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00103-6","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2417_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(98)00021-2","volume":"107","author":"SJ Vannucci","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vannucci SJ, Reinhart R, Maher F et al (1998b) Alterations in GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporter gene expression following unilateral hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 107:255\u2013264. doi: 10.1016\/S0165-3806(98)00021-2","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"2417_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2011-1828","volume":"71","author":"I Wilhelm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilhelm I, Fazakas C, Krizbai IA (2011) In vitro models of the blood\u2013brain barrier. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 71:113\u2013128","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)"},{"key":"2417_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5521","volume":"5","author":"G Wisedchaisri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wisedchaisri G, Park M-S, Iadanza MG et al (2014) Proton-coupled sugar transport in the prototypical major facilitator superfamily protein XylE. Nat Commun 5:4521. doi: 10.1038\/ncomms5521","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Amino Acids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00726-017-2417-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00726-017-2417-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00726-017-2417-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T14:01:30Z","timestamp":1719151290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00726-017-2417-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-017-2417-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-4451","1438-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-4451","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]]}}}