{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T14:21:26Z","timestamp":1788618086130,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009594","name":"University of P\u00e9cs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Amino Acids"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Creatine is a semi-essential nutrient that plays a critical role in energy metabolism, with dietary intake and endogenous synthesis contributing to overall creatine availability. While dietary creatine intake has been studied extensively, limited data exist on the dietary exposure to its precursor amino acids\u2014glycine, arginine, and methionine\u2014and their contribution to endogenous creatine synthesis. This study aimed to assess the dietary intake of these precursors in U.S. children and adults using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and to compare endogenous creatine synthesis with direct dietary creatine intake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed NHANES III dietary recall data from 29,945 individuals aged 2 years and older. Intakes of glycine, arginine, methionine, and creatine were calculated per kilogram of body weight. The contribution of precursor amino acids to endogenous creatine synthesis was estimated using established metabolic conversion factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean daily intakes of glycine, arginine, methionine, and creatine were 59.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u00a0mg\/kg, 77.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00a0mg\/kg, 31.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0mg\/kg, and 15.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u00a0mg\/kg, respectively. Estimated endogenous creatine synthesis from precursor amino acids was significantly greater than dietary creatine intake across all age groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), with precursor-derived creatine production averaging 41.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u00a0mg\/kg body weight per day, approximately 2.7 times higher than dietary creatine intake. Creatine precursor availability declined with age, with the lowest values observed in individuals aged\u2009\u2265\u200965 years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of total creatine availability in a representative U.S. population, highlighting the predominance of endogenous synthesis over direct dietary intake. These findings suggest that creatine metabolism is largely dependent on precursor amino acid intake and that certain populations, particularly older adults, may be at higher risk for reduced creatine availability. Future research should explore the physiological implications of these findings and potential dietary interventions to optimize creatine status across the lifespan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-025-03460-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T15:13:55Z","timestamp":1748099635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dietary exposure to creatine-precursor amino acids in the general population"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Nedeljkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7270-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergej M.","family":"Ostojic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3460_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010041","volume":"15","author":"M \u00c1vila","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00c1vila M, Mora S\u00e1nchez MG, Bernal Amador AS, Paniagua R (2025) The metabolism of creatinine and its usefulness to evaluate kidney function and body composition in clinical practice. 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Physiol Rev 80(3):1107\u20131213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Amino Acids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00726-025-03460-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00726-025-03460-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00726-025-03460-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T17:17:28Z","timestamp":1766423848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00726-025-03460-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-025-03460-7","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/fsn3.2543","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1438-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the NHANES study was granted by the National Center for Health Statistics Ethics Review Board. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. The research was conducted ethically following the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"DN declares no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the authorship of this paper. SMO serves as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board on Creatine in Health and Medicine (AlzChem LLC). SMO co-owns patent \u201cSupplements Based on Liquid Creatine\u201d at the European Patent Office (WO2019150323 A1) and patent application \u201cComposition Comprising Creatine for Use in Telomere Lengthening\u201d at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (# 63\/608,850). SMO has received research support related to creatine during the past 36 months from the Serbian Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation; Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research; AlzChem GmbH; Kaneka Nutrients; ThermoLife International, and Vireo System Inc. SMO does not own stocks and shares in any organization.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}