{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:25:28Z","timestamp":1791329128572,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Amino Acids"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential nutrients that promote muscle protein anabolism but also associate with cardiometabolic diseases; however, their role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. We investigated plasma BCAA levels and their associations with metabolic parameters and survival in CKD patients.\u00a0Plasma BCAA levels, along with clinical and laboratory parameters, were measured in 328 patients with CKD stage 5 (median age 54 years, 60% males). BCAA concentrations in 83 community-dwelling controls (median age 51 years, 66% males) served as comparators. Multivariate linear regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of BCAA levels. Competing risk regression analysis was conducted to assess 5-year risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in relation to total and individual BCAAs (valine, isoleucine, and leucine).\u00a0Plasma BCAA levels were lower compared to controls (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and positively associated with triglycerides and the atherogenic index of plasma, while inversely associated with high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), Apo-A, and Lp (a). After adjustments for confounders, low vs. high tertile of total BCAAs associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (sub-hazard ratio [sHR] 2.37, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08\u20135.21) and low tertile of valine associated with higher risk of both all-cause mortality (sHR 2.05, 95% CI 1.10\u20133.79) and cardiovascular mortality (sHR 2.46, 95% CI 1.15\u20135.26).\u00a0In CKD, higher levels of BCAAs associated with an atherogenic lipid profile while lower BCAAs levels associated with increased cardiovascular mortality risk, and low valine was associated with higher both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. Monitoring and potentially modulating BCAA levels could have prognostic or therapeutic implications in advanced CKD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-026-03511-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T05:44:03Z","timestamp":1772948643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plasma branched-chain amino acids in chronic kidney disease: associations with atherogenic lipids and mortality"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Suliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rashid","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Troise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"B\u00e1r\u00e1ny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olof","family":"Heimb\u00fcrger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Stenvinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3511_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-09107-8","volume":"51","author":"A Alqudah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alqudah A, Qnais E, Wedyan M, Awali A, Bseiso Y, Gammoh O (2024) Amino acid profiles: exploring their diagnostic and pathophysiological significance in hypertension. Mol Biol Rep 51(1):200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-023-09107-8","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"3511_CR2","first-page":"S9","volume":"16","author":"A Alvestrand","year":"1983","unstructured":"Alvestrand A, F\u00fcrst P, Bergstr\u00f6m J (1983) Intracellular amino acids in uremia. Kidney Int Suppl 16:S9\u201316","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"3511_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000010","volume":"17","author":"BC Batch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Batch BC, Hyland K, Svetkey LP (2014) Branch chain amino acids: biomarkers of health and disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 17(1):86\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3511_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.174","volume":"38","author":"J Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m J, Alvestrand A, F\u00fcrst P (1990) Plasma and muscle free amino acids in maintenance hemodialysis patients without protein malnutrition. Kidney Int 38(1):108\u2013114","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"3511_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12645","volume":"10","author":"Z Bloomgarden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bloomgarden Z (2018) Diabetes and branched-chain amino acids: what is the link? J Diabetes 10(5):350\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.12645","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"3511_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.207S","volume":"136","author":"JT Brosnan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME (2006) Branched-chain amino acids: enzyme and substrate regulation. J Nutr 136(1 Suppl):207S\u2013211S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/136.1.207S","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"3511_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.299S","volume":"136","author":"NJ Cano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cano NJ, Fouque D, Leverve XM (2006) Application of branched-chain amino acids in human pathological states: renal failure. J Nutr 136(1 Suppl):299S\u2013307S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/136.1.299S","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"3511_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01263-6","author":"BH Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi BH, Hyun S, Koo S-H (2024) The role of BCAA metabolism in metabolic health and disease. Exp Mol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-024-01263-6","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"3511_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084325","author":"P Cuomo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cuomo P, Capparelli R, Iannelli A, Iannelli D (2022) Role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23084325","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3511_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11311-9","volume":"10","author":"J Deelen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deelen J, Kettunen J, Fischer K, van der Spek A, Trompet S, Kastenmuller G et al (2019) A metabolic profile of all-cause mortality risk identified in an observational study of 44,168 individuals. Nat Commun 10(1):3346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11311-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"3511_CR11","first-page":"152","volume":"46","author":"M Dobiasova","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dobiasova M, Frohlich J (2000) The new atherogenic plasma index reflects the triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol ratio, the lipoprotein particle size and the cholesterol esterification rate: changes during lipanor therapy. Vnitr Lek 46(3):152\u2013156","journal-title":"Vnitr Lek"},{"issue":"6","key":"3511_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","volume":"18","author":"WT Friedewald","year":"1972","unstructured":"Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18(6):499\u2013502","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"3511_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.09.002","volume":"13","author":"K Fukushima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fukushima K, Harada S, Takeuchi A, Kurihara A, Iida M, Fukai K et al (2019) Association between dyslipidemia and plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in the Japanese population without diabetes mellitus. J Clin Lipidol 13(6):932-939 e932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.09.002","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3511_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081252","volume":"13","author":"E Fung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fung E, Ng KH, Kwok T, Lui L-T, Palaniswamy S, Chan Q et al (2023) Divergent survival outcomes associated with elevated branched-chain amino acid levels among older adults with or without hypertension and diabetes: a validated, prospective, longitudinal follow-up study. Biomolecules 13(8):1252","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"3511_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040722","author":"Z Gai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gai Z, Wang T, Visentin M, Kullak-Ublick GA, Fu X, Wang Z (2019) Lipid accumulation and chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11040722","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"3511_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020224","volume":"13","author":"A Galli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Galli A, Arunagiri A, Dule N, Castagna M, Marciani P, Perego C (2023) Cholesterol redistribution in pancreatic \u03b2-cells: a flexible path to regulate insulin secretion. Biomolecules 13(2):224","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"3511_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700756","volume":"62","author":"NP Gannon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gannon NP, Schnuck JK, Vaughan RA (2018) BCAA metabolism and insulin sensitivity\u2013dysregulated by metabolic status? Mol Nutr Food Res 62(6):1700756","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3511_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.121.003330","volume":"14","author":"R Hamaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamaya R, Mora S, Lawler PR, Cook NR, Ridker PM, Buring JE et al (2021) Association of plasma branched-chain amino acid with biomarkers of inflammation and lipid metabolism in women. Circ: Genomic Precis Med 14(4):e003330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCGEN.121.003330","journal-title":"Circ: Genomic Precis Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3511_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.02.001","volume":"28","author":"A Hernandez-Segura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernandez-Segura A, Nehme J, Demaria M (2018) Hallmarks of cellular senescence. Trends Cell Biol 28(6):436\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.02.001","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3511_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0271-1","volume":"15","author":"M Holecek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holecek M (2018) Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements. Nutr Metab Lond 15(1):33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12986-018-0271-1","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Lond"},{"key":"3511_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.04.014","volume":"38","author":"H Ikeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ikeda H (2020) Cross-correlation of plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids: a comparison between healthy participants and patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN 38:201\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.04.014","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"issue":"19","key":"3511_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","volume":"385","author":"LA Inker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, Tighiouart H, Wang D, Sang Y et al (2021) New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race. N Engl J Med 385(19):1737\u20131749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12 Suppl 3","key":"3511_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S274","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006080926","volume":"17","author":"R Jofre","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jofre R, Rodriguez-Benitez P, Lopez-Gomez JM, Perez-Garcia R (2006) Inflammatory syndrome in patients on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 17(12 Suppl 3):S274\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2006080926","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3511_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.9.1660","volume":"31","author":"MR Jones","year":"1978","unstructured":"Jones MR, Kopple JD (1978) Valine metabolism in normal and chronically uremic man. Am J Clin Nutr 31(9):1660\u20131664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/31.9.1660","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3511_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.09503.x","volume":"95","author":"JD Kopple","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kopple JD, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mehrotra R (2005) Risks of chronic metabolic acidosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 95:S21-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.09503.x","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"12","key":"3511_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70096","volume":"55","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Y, Chvatal-Medina M, Trillos-Almanza MC, Connelly MA, Moshage H, Bakker SJL et al (2025) Branched-chain amino acids and all-cause mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis, and the onset of diabetes in liver transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Invest e70096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.70096","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"3511_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1989.113","volume":"35","author":"B Lindholm","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lindholm B, Alvestrand A, F\u00fcrst P, Bergstr\u00f6m J (1989) Plasma and muscle free amino acids during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 35(5):1219\u20131226","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3511_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-013-0255-5","volume":"7","author":"J Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu J, Xie G, Jia W, Jia W (2013) Insulin resistance and the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Front Med 7(1):53\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11684-013-0255-5","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3511_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.122.003729","volume":"16","author":"S Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo S, Surapaneni A, Rebholz CM, Appel LJ, Coresh J, Grams ME (2023) Circulating Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension. Circ Genom Precis Med 16(1):e003729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCGEN.122.003729","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3511_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106459","volume":"26","author":"AP Moissl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moissl AP, Lorkowski S, Meinitzer A, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Delgado GE et al (2023) Association of branched-chain amino acids with mortality-the ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health (LURIC) study. iScience 26(4):106459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106459","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"5","key":"3511_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.01.024","volume":"15","author":"CB Newgard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Newgard CB (2012) Interplay between lipids and branched-chain amino acids in development of insulin resistance. Cell Metab 15(5):606\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.01.024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"3511_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.02.002","volume":"9","author":"CB Newgard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Newgard CB, An J, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Stevens RD, Lien LF et al (2009) A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance. Cell Metab 9(4):311\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.02.002","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"3511_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19040954","author":"C Nie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nie C, He T, Zhang W, Zhang G, Ma X (2018) Branched chain amino acids: beyond nutrition metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19040954","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3511_CR34","first-page":"240","volume":"29","author":"S Niroumand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Niroumand S, Khajedaluee M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Abrishami M, Juya M, Khodaee G et al (2015) Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP): a marker of cardiovascular disease. Med J Islam Repub Iran 29:240","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"issue":"3","key":"3511_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00812.x","volume":"53","author":"AR Qureshi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Danielsson A, Divino-Filho JC, Gutierrez A, Lindholm B et al (1998) Factors predicting malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study. Kidney Int 53(3):773\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00812.x","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"3511_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00041.2007","volume":"23","author":"M Sandri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sandri M (2008) Signaling in muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. Physiology 23(3):160\u2013170","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3511_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00422.x","volume":"55","author":"P Stenvinkel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stenvinkel P, Heimb\u00fcrger O, Paultre F, Diczfalusy U, Wang T, Berglund L et al (1999) Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 55(5):1899\u20131911","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"3511_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.490","volume":"50","author":"ME Suliman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Suliman ME, Anderstam B, Bergstrom J (1996) Evidence of taurine depletion and accumulation of cysteinesulfinic acid in chronic dialysis patients. Kidney Int 50(5):1713\u20131717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.1996.490","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"3511_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-023-03329-7","volume":"55","author":"F Teymoori","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teymoori F, Ahmadirad H, Jahromi MK, Mokhtari E, Farhadnejad H, Mohammadzadeh M et al (2023) Serum branched amino acids and the risk of all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Amino Acids 55(11):1475\u20131486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-023-03329-7","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"12","key":"3511_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","volume":"12","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2014","unstructured":"Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP (2014) The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg 12(12):1495\u20131499","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"3511_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.225","volume":"286","author":"FH Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang FH, Liu J, Deng QJ, Qi Y, Wang M, Wang Y et al (2019) Association between plasma essential amino acids and atherogenic lipid profile in a Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis 286:7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.225","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"12","key":"3511_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1642","volume":"40","author":"Q Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Q, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G, Ala-Korpela M (2017) Genetic support for a causal role of insulin resistance on circulating branched-chain amino acids and inflammation. Diabetes Care 40(12):1779\u20131786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-1642","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"3511_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.02.002","volume":"19","author":"DT Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang DT, Yin Y, Yang YJ, Lv PJ, Shi Y, Lu L et al (2014) Resveratrol prevents TNF-\u03b1-induced muscle atrophy via regulation of Akt\/mTOR\/FoxO1 signaling in C2C12 myotubes. Int Immunopharmacol 19(2):206\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.02.002","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"3511_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101261","volume":"52","author":"PJ White","year":"2021","unstructured":"White PJ, McGarrah RW, Herman MA, Bain JR, Shah SH, Newgard CB (2021) Insulin action, type 2 diabetes, and branched-chain amino acids: a two-way street. Mol Metab 52:101261","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"3511_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-017-0642-7","volume":"22","author":"N Yamaguchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamaguchi N, Mahbub MH, Takahashi H, Hase R, Ishimaru Y, Sunagawa H et al (2017) Plasma free amino acid profiles evaluate risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in a large Asian population. Environ Health Prev Med 22(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12199-017-0642-7","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"3511_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11918","volume":"5","author":"M Yamakado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamakado M, Nagao K, Imaizumi A, Tani M, Toda A, Tanaka T et al (2015) Plasma free amino acid profiles predict four-year risk of developing diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in Japanese population. Sci Rep 5:11918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep11918","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3511_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0291-7","volume":"15","author":"P Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang P, Hu W, Fu Z, Sun L, Zhou Y, Gong Y et al (2016) The positive association of branched-chain amino acids and metabolic dyslipidemia in Chinese Han population. Lipids Health Dis 15(1):120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-016-0291-7","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"3511_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-016-0139-z","volume":"8","author":"S Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang S, Zeng X, Ren M, Mao X, Qiao S (2017) Novel metabolic and physiological functions of branched chain amino acids: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 8:1\u201312","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"3511_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.009","volume":"104","author":"O Zhenyukh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhenyukh O, Civantos E, Ruiz-Ortega M, Sanchez MS, Vazquez C, Peiro C et al (2017) High concentration of branched-chain amino acids promotes oxidative stress, inflammation and migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via mTORC1 activation. Free Radic Biol Med 104:165\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3511_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.03.002","volume":"27","author":"J Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou J, Liu B, Liang C, Li Y, Song YH (2016) Cytokine signaling in skeletal muscle wasting. Trends Endocrinol Metab 27(5):335\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2016.03.002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Amino Acids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00726-026-03511-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00726-026-03511-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00726-026-03511-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:45:14Z","timestamp":1773265514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00726-026-03511-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-026-03511-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7849136\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1438-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Bengt Lindholm has been affiliated with Baxter Healthcare Corporation. Peter Stenvinkel is or has been on scientific advisory boards of REATA, Baxter, GSK, Astra Zeneca, Invizius, Behring, and Vifor and educational advisory boards for Astellas and FMC, and received research support from support from Martin Rind Foundation, Heart and Lung Foundation, Njurfonden, and Westmans Foundation. The other authors do not declare any conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The protocol of this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Karolinska Institute (EPN) at the Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in adherence to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from each patient and control subject.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"20"}}