{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:50:21Z","timestamp":1767829821168,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004061","name":"Oesterreichische Nationalbank","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Womens Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Voice hearing has been conceptualized as an interrelational framework, where the interaction between voice and voice hearer is reciprocal and resembles \u201creal-life interpersonal interactions.\u201d Although gender influences social functioning in \u201creal-life situations,\u201d little is known about respective effects of gender in the voice hearing experience. One hundred seventeen participants with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder took part in a semi-structured interview about the phenomenology of their voices and completed standardized self-rating questionnaires on their beliefs about their most dominant male and female voices and the power differentials in their respective voice-voice hearer interactions. Additionally, the voice hearers\u2019 individual masculine\/feminine traits were recorded. Men heard significantly more male than female dominant voices, while the gender ratio of dominant voices was balanced in women. Although basic phenomenological characteristics of voices were similar in both genders, women showed greater amounts of distress caused by the voices and reported a persistence of voices for longer time periods. Command hallucinations that encouraged participants to harm others were predominantly male. Regarding voice appraisals, high levels of traits associated with masculinity (=instrumentality\/agency) correlated with favorable voice appraisals and balanced power perceptions between voice and voice hearer. These positive effects seem to be more pronounced in women. The gender of both voice and voice hearer shapes the voice hearing experience in manifold ways. Due to possible favorable effects on clinical outcomes, therapeutic concepts that strengthen instrumental\/agentic traits could be a feasible target for psychotherapeutic interventions in voice hearing, especially in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-021-01109-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T09:02:46Z","timestamp":1616230966000},"page":"709-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A relationship of sorts: gender and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4258-7423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Suessenbacher-Kessler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gmeiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Diendorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Schrank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Amering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1109_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-007-9288-z","volume":"58","author":"U Athenstaedt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Athenstaedt U, Heinzle C, Lerchbaumer G (2008) Gender subgroup self-categorization and gender role self-concept. Sex Roles 58:266\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-007-9288-z","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"1109_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn128","volume":"36","author":"JC Badcock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Badcock JC (2010) The cognitive neuropsychology of auditory hallucinations: a parallel auditory pathways framework. Schizophr Bull 36:576\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbn128","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1109_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s13164-015-0270-3","volume":"7","author":"JC Badcock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Badcock JC (2016) A neuropsychological approach to auditory verbal hallucinations and thought insertion - grounded in normal voice perception. Rev Philos Psychol 7:631\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13164-015-0270-3","journal-title":"Rev Philos Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00114","volume":"7","author":"JC Badcock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Badcock JC, Chhabra S (2013) Voices to reckon with: perceptions of voice identity in clinical and non-clinical voice hearers. Front Hum Neurosci 7:114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00114","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1109_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.07.011","volume":"185","author":"JC Badcock","year":"2011","unstructured":"Badcock JC, Paulik G, Maybery MT (2011) The role of emotion regulation in auditory hallucinations. Psychiatry Res 185:303\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.07.011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1109_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/14789940500485078","volume":"17","author":"AL Barrowcliff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barrowcliff AL, Haddock G (2006) The relationship between command hallucinations and factors of compliance: a critical review of the literature. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol 17:266\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14789940500485078","journal-title":"J Forens Psychiatry Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-008-0185-z","volume":"74","author":"O Baumann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baumann O, Belin P (2010) Perceptual scaling of voice identity: common dimensions for different vowels and speakers. Psychol Res Psychol Forsch 74:110\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-008-0185-z","journal-title":"Psychol Res Psychol Forsch"},{"key":"1109_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/15.2.291","volume":"15","author":"LS Benjamin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Benjamin LS (1989) Is chronicity a function of the relationship between the person and the auditory hallucination? Schizophr Bull 15:291\u2013310","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1109_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B 57:289\u2013300","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B"},{"key":"1109_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001828","volume":"30","author":"M Birchwood","year":"2000","unstructured":"Birchwood M, Meaden A, Trower P et al (2000) The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychol Med 30:337\u2013344","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1109_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002636","volume":"34","author":"M Birchwood","year":"2004","unstructured":"Birchwood M, Gilbert P, Gilbert J et al (2004) Interpersonal and role-related schema influence the relationship with the dominant \u2018voice\u2019 in schizophrenia: a comparison of three models. Psychol Med 34:1571\u20131580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291704002636","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1109_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70247-0","volume":"1","author":"M Birchwood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Birchwood M, Michail M, Meaden A, Tarrier N, Lewis S, Wykes T, Davies L, Dunn G, Peters E (2014) Cognitive behaviour therapy to prevent harmful compliance with COMMAND hallucinations (COMMAND): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 1:23\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70247-0","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1109_CR13","first-page":"28","volume":"4","author":"J Busner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Busner J, Targum SD (2007) The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 4:28\u201337","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"1109_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.3.229","volume":"177","author":"P Chadwick","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chadwick P, Lees S, Birchwood M (2000) The revised beliefs about voices questionnaire (BAVQ-R). Br J Psychiatry 177:229\u2013232","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1109_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2012.08.006","volume":"50","author":"S Chhabra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chhabra S, Badcock JC, Maybery MT, Leung D (2012) Voice identity discrimination in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 50:2730\u20132735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2012.08.006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1109_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000477","volume":"36","author":"A Clark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clark A (2013) Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behav Brain Sci 36:181\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X12000477","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"1109_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854816658923","volume":"44","author":"F Cortoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cortoni F, Babchishin KM, Rat C (2017) The proportion of sexual offenders who are female is higher than thought. Crim Justice Behav 44:145\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854816658923","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"1109_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30427-3","volume":"5","author":"TK Craig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Craig TK, Rus-Calafell M, Ward T et al (2018) AVATAR therapy for auditory verbal hallucinations in people with psychosis: a single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 5:31\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30427-3","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1109_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00081","volume":"12","author":"TF Denson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denson TF, O\u2019Dean SM, Blake KR, Beames JR (2018) Aggression in women: behavior, brain and hormones. Front Behav Neurosci 12:81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00081","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"1109_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlv037","volume":"40","author":"JE DeVylder","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeVylder JE, Hilimire MR (2015) Suicide risk, stress sensitivity, and self-esteem among young adults reporting auditory hallucinations. Health Soc Work 40:175\u2013181","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"key":"1109_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.04.024","volume":"89","author":"R Drake","year":"2007","unstructured":"Drake R, Haddock G, Tarrier N, Bentall R, Lewis S (2007) The psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS): their usefulness and properties in first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 89:119\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2006.04.024","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1109_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(88)90045-2","volume":"12","author":"R Dub\u00e9","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dub\u00e9 R, H\u00e9bert M (1988) Sexual abuse of children under 12 years of age: a review of 511 cases. Child Abuse Negl 12:321\u2013330","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1109_CR23","unstructured":"Eagly AH (1987) Sex differences in social behavior : a social-role interpretation. L. Erlbaum Associates"},{"key":"1109_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.07.028","volume":"168","author":"J Fujita","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fujita J, Takahashi Y, Nishida A, Okumura Y, Ando S, Kawano M, Toyohara K, Sho N, Minami T, Arai T (2015) Auditory verbal hallucinations increase the risk for suicide attempts in adolescents with suicidal ideation. Schizophr Res 168:209\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2015.07.028","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1109_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1348\/014466507X249093","volume":"47","author":"D Hacker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hacker D, Birchwood M, Tudway J, Meaden A, Amphlett C (2008) Acting on voices: omnipotence, sources of threat, and safety-seeking behaviours. Br J Clin Psychol 47:201\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466507X249093","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008661","volume":"29","author":"G Haddock","year":"1999","unstructured":"Haddock G, McCarron J, Tarrier N, Faragher EB (1999) Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: the psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS). Psychol Med 29:879\u2013889","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1109_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00013-X","volume":"41","author":"PL Hall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hall PL, Tarrier N (2003) The cognitive-behavioural treatment of low self-esteem in psychotic patients: a pilot study. Behav Res Ther 41:317\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00013-X","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1109_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.107.s416.5.x","volume":"107","author":"JM Haro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Haro JM, Kamath SA, Ochoa S, Novick D, Rele K, Fargas A, Rodr\u00edguez MJ, Rele R, Orta J, Kharbeng A, Araya S, Gervin M, Alonso J, Mavreas V, Lavrentzou E, Liontos N, Gregor K, Jones PB, on behalf of the SOHO Study Group (2003) The clinical global impression-schizophrenia scale: a simple instrument to measure the diversity of symptoms present in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 107:16\u201323","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"1109_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1348\/147608303770584737","volume":"76","author":"M Hayward","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hayward M (2003) Interpersonal relating and voice hearing: to what extent does relating to the voice reflect social relating? Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract 76:369\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/147608303770584737","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract"},{"key":"1109_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.09.001","volume":"31","author":"M Hayward","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hayward M, Berry K, Ashton A (2011) Applying interpersonal theories to the understanding of and therapy for auditory hallucinations: a review of the literature and directions for further research. Clin Psychol Rev 31:1313\u20131323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.09.001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1109_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.11.019","volume":"183","author":"M Hayward","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayward M, Jones A-M, Bogen-Johnston L, Thomas N, Strauss C (2016a) Relating therapy for distressing auditory hallucinations: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res 183:137\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2016.11.019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1109_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00424","volume":"7","author":"M Hayward","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayward M, Slater L, Berry K, Perona-Garcel\u00e1n S (2016b) Establishing the \u201cfit\u201d between the patient and the therapy: the role of patient gender in selecting psychological therapy for distressing voices. Front Psychol 7:424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00424","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2307\/1128222","volume":"49","author":"CN Jacklin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Jacklin CN, Maccoby EE (1978) Social behavior at thirty-three months in same-sex and mixed-sex dyads. Child Dev 49:557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1128222","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"1109_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167206286627","volume":"32","author":"SJ Ko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ko SJ, Judd CM, Blair IV (2006) What the voice reveals: within- and between-category stereotyping on the basis of voice. Personal Soc Psychol Bull 32:806\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167206286627","journal-title":"Personal Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1109_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.04.014","volume":"52","author":"K-T Kronm\u00fcller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kronm\u00fcller K-T, von Bock A, Grupe S, B\u00fcche L, Gentner NC, R\u00fcckl S, Marx J, Joest K, Kaiser S, Vedder H, Mundt C (2011) Psychometric evaluation of the psychotic symptom rating scales. Compr Psychiatry 52:102\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.04.014","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1109_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616304","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/616304","volume":"2013","author":"R Kumari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumari R, Chaudhury S, Kumar S et al (2013) Dimensions of hallucinations and delusions in affective and nonaffective illnesses. ISRN Psychiatry 2013:616304\u2013616310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/616304","journal-title":"ISRN Psychiatry"},{"key":"1109_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-011-0207-9","volume":"25","author":"M Latinus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Latinus M, Taylor MJ (2012) Discriminating male and female voices: differentiating pitch and gender. Brain Topogr 25:194\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-011-0207-9","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"1109_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1348\/147608305X70955","volume":"79","author":"L Legg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Legg L, Gilbert P (2006) A pilot study of gender of voice and gender of voice hearer in psychotic voice hearers. Psychol Psychother 79:517\u2013527","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"1109_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E76","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2015.77","volume":"18","author":"Mde G Le\u00f3n-Palacios","year":"2015","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n-Palacios Mde G , \u00dabeda-G\u00f3mez J, Escudero-P\u00e9rez S, Barros-Albar\u00e1n MD, L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez AM, Perona-Garcel\u00e1n S (2015) Auditory verbal hallucinations: can beliefs about voices mediate the relationship patients establish with them and negative affect? Span J Psychol 18:E76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/sjp.2015.77","journal-title":"Span J Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.45.4.513","volume":"45","author":"EE Maccoby","year":"1990","unstructured":"Maccoby EE (1990) Gender and relationships: a developmental account. Am Psychol 45:513\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.45.4.513","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9515-5","volume":"39","author":"LC Mathieson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mathieson LC, Murray-Close D, Crick NR, Woods KE, Zimmer-Gembeck M, Geiger TC, Morales JR (2011) Hostile intent attributions and relational aggression: the moderating roles of emotional sensitivity, gender, and victimization. J Abnorm Child Psychol 39:977\u2013987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-011-9515-5","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs156","volume":"40","author":"S McCarthy-Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCarthy-Jones S, Trauer T, Mackinnon A, Sims E, Thomas N, Copolov DL (2014) A new phenomenological survey of auditory hallucinations: evidence for subtypes and implications for theory and practice. Schizophr Bull 40:231\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbs156","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1109_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00181","volume":"6","author":"S McCarthy-Jones","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCarthy-Jones S, Castro Romero M, McCarthy-Jones R, Dillon J, Cooper-Rompato C, Kieran K, Kaufman M, Blackman L (2015) Hearing the unheard: an interdisciplinary, mixed methodology study of women\u2019s experiences of hearing voices (auditory verbal hallucinations). Front Psychiatry 6:181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00181","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1109_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003381X","volume":"26","author":"TH Nayani","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nayani TH, David AS (1996) The auditory hallucination: a phenomenological survey. Psychol Med 26:177\u2013189","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1109_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.768","volume":"19","author":"G Paulik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paulik G (2012) The role of social schema in the experience of auditory hallucinations: a systematic review and a proposal for the inclusion of social schema in a cognitive Behavioural model of voice hearing. Clin Psychol Psychother 19:459\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.768","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"1109_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002650","volume":"42","author":"ER Peters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peters ER, Williams SL, Cooke MA, Kuipers E (2012) It\u2019s not what you hear, it\u2019s the way you think about it: appraisals as determinants of affect and behaviour in voice hearers. Psychol Med 42:1507\u20131514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291711002650","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1109_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3552866","volume":"129","author":"K Pisanski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pisanski K, Rendall D (2011) The prioritization of voice fundamental frequency or formants in listeners\u2019 assessments of speaker size, masculinity, and attractiveness. J Acoust Soc Am 129:2201\u20132212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.3552866","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"1109_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/14789940903194111","volume":"21","author":"N Reynolds","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reynolds N, Scragg P (2010) Compliance with command hallucinations: the role of power in relation to the voice, and social rank in relation to the voice and others. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol 21:121\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14789940903194111","journal-title":"J Forens Psychiatry Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243208330313","volume":"23","author":"CL Ridgeway","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ridgeway CL (2008) Framed before we know it: how gender shapes social relations. Gend Soc 23:145\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0891243208330313","journal-title":"Gend Soc"},{"key":"1109_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0847-9","volume":"21","author":"A Riecher-R\u00f6ssler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Riecher-R\u00f6ssler A, Butler S, Kulkarni J (2018) Sex and gender differences in schizophrenic psychoses - a critical review. Arch od Women\u2019s Ment Heal 21:627\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-018-0847-9","journal-title":"Arch od Women\u2019s Ment Heal"},{"key":"1109_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465814000125","volume":"43","author":"G Robson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robson G, Mason O (2015) Interpersonal processes and attachment in voice-hearers. Behav Cogn Psychother 43:655\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465814000125","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"1109_CR52","volume-title":"The social psychology of gender : how power and intimacy shape gender relations","author":"LA Rudman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rudman LA, Glick P (2008) The social psychology of gender : how power and intimacy shape gender relations. The Guilford Press, New York"},{"key":"1109_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022181122002","volume":"12","author":"TE Runge","year":"1981","unstructured":"Runge TE, Frey D, Gollwitzer PM, Helmreich RL, Spence JT (1981) Masculine (instrumental) and feminine (expressive) traits. J Cross-Cult Psychol 12:142\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022022181122002","journal-title":"J Cross-Cult Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00801901","volume":"31","author":"N Sartorius","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sartorius N, Janca A (1996) Psychiatric assessment instruments developed by the World Health Organization. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 31:55\u201369","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"1109_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1375\/pplt.2003.10.1.97","volume":"10","author":"F Shawyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shawyer F, Mackinnon A, Farhall J, Trauer T, Copolov D (2003) Command hallucinations and violence: implications for detention and treatment. Psychiatry Psychol Law 10:97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1375\/pplt.2003.10.1.97","journal-title":"Psychiatry Psychol Law"},{"key":"1109_CR56","first-page":"6","volume":"23","author":"M Sieverding","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sieverding M, Alfermann D (1992) Geschlechtsrollen und Geschlechtsstereotype Instrumentelles (maskulines) und expressives (feminines) Selbstkonzept: ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Geschlechtsrollenforschung. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Sozialpsychiatrie 23:6\u201315","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Sozialpsychiatrie"},{"key":"1109_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-005-6762-3","volume":"53","author":"ST Sigmon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sigmon ST, Pells JJ, Boulard NE, Whitcomb-Smith S, Edenfield TM, Hermann BA, LaMattina SM, Schartel JG, Kubik E (2005) Gender differences in self-reports of depression: the response bias hypothesis revisited. Sex Roles 53:401\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-005-6762-3","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"1109_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.04.023","volume":"27","author":"DS Sokhi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sokhi DS, Hunter MD, Wilkinson ID, Woodruff PWR (2005) Male and female voices activate distinct regions in the male brain. Neuroimage 27:572\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.04.023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1109_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465809990506","volume":"38","author":"E Sorrell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sorrell E, Hayward M, Meddings S (2010) Interpersonal processes and hearing voices: a study of the association between relating to voices and distress in clinical and non-clinical hearers. Behav Cogn Psychother 38:127\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465809990506","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"1109_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.002303","volume":"2","author":"R Upthegrove","year":"2016","unstructured":"Upthegrove R, Ives J, Broome MR, Caldwell K, Wood SJ, Oyebode F (2016) Auditory verbal hallucinations in first-episode psychosis: a phenomenological investigation. Br J Psychiatry Open 2:88\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.002303","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Open"},{"key":"1109_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12011","volume":"52","author":"B van Oosterhout","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Oosterhout B, Krabbendam L, Smeets G, van der Gaag M (2013) Metacognitive beliefs, beliefs about voices and affective symptoms in patients with severe auditory verbal hallucinations. Br J Clin Psychol 52:235\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.12011","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12368","volume":"58","author":"RP Vilhauer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vilhauer RP (2017) Characteristics of inner reading voices. Scand J Psychol 58:269\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjop.12368","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa061","volume":"46","author":"T Ward","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ward T, Rus-Calafell M, Ramadhan Z, Soumelidou O, Fornells-Ambrojo M, Garety P, Craig TKJ (2020) AVATAR therapy for distressing voices: a comprehensive account of therapeutic targets. Schizophr Bull 46:1038\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa061","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1109_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181c29a76","volume":"197","author":"FAV Waters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Waters FAV, Badcock JC (2009) Memory for speech and voice identity in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 197:887\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181c29a76","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"1109_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01372","volume":"6","author":"N Wiggert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wiggert N, Wilhelm FH, Derntl B, Blechert J (2015) Gender differences in experiential and facial reactivity to approval and disapproval during emotional social interactions. Front Psychol 6:1372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01372","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1109_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7615-4","volume-title":"The neuropsychology of men : a developmental perspective from theory to evidence-based practice","author":"CM Zaroff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaroff CM, D\u2019Amato RC (2015) The neuropsychology of men : a developmental perspective from theory to evidence-based practice. Springer Science+Business Media, New York"},{"key":"1109_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corstens D, Longden E (2013) The origins of voices: links between life history and voice hearing in a survey of 100 cases. Psychosis 5(3):270-285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17522439.2013.816337","DOI":"10.1080\/17522439.2013.816337"}],"container-title":["Archives of Women's Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00737-021-01109-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00737-021-01109-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00737-021-01109-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T12:20:37Z","timestamp":1724674837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00737-021-01109-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-021-01109-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-1816","1435-1102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-1816","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}