{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:00:39Z","timestamp":1791979239487,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH122781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH122781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-MH18921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-MH18921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31MH135650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31MH135650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Vanderbilt Training Institute for Clinical and Translational Research","award":["UL1 TR000445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000445"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017802","name":"Jacobs Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-1261-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-1261-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine","award":["Ford Predoctoral Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ford Predoctoral Fellowship"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Womens Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mothers\u2019 reported connection, or bond, with their infants develops across the early postnatal period and is relevant to mother and offspring functioning. Little is known, however, about early predictors of bonding difficulties over time. The present study examined prenatal anxiety, depressive symptoms, and trait mindfulness and variation in bonding difficulties in mothers across the first two months postnatal.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Participants were 120 pregnant women (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub>=31.09 years, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.81; 80% White). Measures of anxiety, depression, and five facets of mindfulness were administered mid-pregnancy (approximately 20 weeks gestation) and bonding difficulties were assessed every two weeks from approximately 1 to 7 weeks postnatal.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using multilevel modeling to account for within-person repeated assessments, we found an inverted U-shaped pattern across time such that bonding difficulties initially worsened before improving around five weeks postnatal. Prenatal anxiety and depressive symptoms were longitudinally associated with greater bonding difficulties overall and were unrelated to the trajectory of change. The mindfulness facets of acting with awareness and being nonjudging of one\u2019s own experience were longitudinally associated with less bonding difficulties overall, weaker initial increases in bonding difficulties, and earlier improvements.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Prenatal anxiety and depression may be risk factors for bonding difficulties that are persistent across the early postnatal period. In contrast, mindfulness tendencies before childbirth, specifically acting with awareness and being nonjudging towards oneself, may support early feelings of bonding over time.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-024-01518-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T07:02:17Z","timestamp":1727161337000},"page":"583-592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Longitudinal associations between prenatal internalizing symptoms and mindfulness traits with postnatal bonding difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0674-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Garon-Bissonnette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3119-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian A. L.","family":"Bean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9515-6045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia F.","family":"C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0548-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6422-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Abitante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5715-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-4589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Autumn","family":"Kujawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1518_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baer RA, Smith GT, Hopkins J, Krietemeyer J, Toney L (2006) Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assess 13(1):27\u201345.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283504","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191105283504"},{"issue":"3","key":"1518_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01515.x","volume":"38","author":"D Benoit","year":"1997","unstructured":"Benoit D, Parker KC, Zeanah CH (1997) Mothers\u2019 representations of their infants assessed prenatally: stability and association with infants\u2019 attachment classifications. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38(3):307\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01515.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1518_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.11.014","volume":"191","author":"A Biaggi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biaggi A, Conroy S, Pawlby S, Pariante CM (2016) Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 191:62\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2015.11.014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"1518_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2012.12.019","volume":"29","author":"C Bicking Kinsey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bicking Kinsey C, Hupcey JE (2013) State of the science of maternal\u2013infant bonding: a principle-based concept analysis. Midwifery 29(12):1314\u20131320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2012.12.019","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"1518_CR4","unstructured":"Bowlby J (1969) Attachment and loss. Volume 1: attachment. Basic Books"},{"issue":"1","key":"1518_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21827","volume":"41","author":"A Brassel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brassel A, Townsend ML, Pickard JA, Grenyer BFS (2020) Maternal perinatal mental health: associations with bonding, mindfulness, and self-criticism at 18 months\u2019 postpartum. Infant Ment Health J 41(1):69\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/imhj.21827","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"1518_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brockington IF, Oates J, George S, Turner D, Vostanis P, Sullivan M, Los C, Murdoch C (2001) A screening questionnaire for mother-infant bonding disorders. Arch Women\u2019s Mental Health 3(4):133\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007370170010","DOI":"10.1007\/s007370170010"},{"key":"1518_CR27","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau (2020) Table 2. Children Ever Born, Number of Mothers, and Percent Childless by Age and Marital Status, and by Nativity. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2020\/demo\/fertility\/women-fertility.html#par_list_58"},{"key":"1518_CR21","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1518_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/J006v12n02_03","volume":"12","author":"MS Cranley","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cranley MS (1993) The origins of the mother-child Relationship-A review. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 12(2\u20133):39\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/J006v12n02_03","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1518_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/15248371003699969","volume":"11","author":"PJ Curran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Curran PJ, Obeidat K, Losardo D (2010) Twelve frequently asked questions about growth curve modeling. J Cogn Dev off J Cogn Dev Soc 11(2):121\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15248371003699969","journal-title":"J Cogn Dev off J Cogn Dev Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1518_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000138","volume":"30","author":"ESA de Cock","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Cock ESA, Henrichs J, Vreeswijk CMJM, Maas AJBM, Rijk CHAM, van Bakel HJA (2016) Continuous feelings of love? The parental bond from pregnancy to toddlerhood. J Fam Psychol 30(1):125\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/fam0000138","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1518_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05611-8","volume":"23","author":"S D\u00f6blin","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u00f6blin S, Seefeld L, Weise V et al (2023) The impact of mode of delivery on parent-infant-bonding and the mediating role of birth experience: a comparison of mothers and fathers within the longitudinal cohort study DREAM. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23(1):285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-023-05611-8","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"2","key":"1518_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-014-0445-4","volume":"18","author":"S Dubber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dubber S, Reck C, M\u00fcller M, Gawlik S (2015) Postpartum bonding: the role of perinatal depression, anxiety and maternal\u2013fetal bonding during pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health 18(2):187\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-014-0445-4","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"1518_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2021.100125","volume":"4","author":"A Faisal-Cury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faisal-Cury A, Tabb KM, Ziebold C, Matijasevich A (2021) The impact of postpartum depression and bonding impairment on child development at 12 to 15 months after delivery. J Affect Disord Rep 4:100125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadr.2021.100125","journal-title":"J Affect Disord Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1518_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-017-0785-y","volume":"21","author":"B Farr\u00e9-Sender","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farr\u00e9-Sender B, Torres A, Gelabert E et al (2018) Mother\u2013infant bonding in the postpartum period: assessment of the impact of pre-delivery factors in a clinical sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 21(3):287\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-017-0785-y","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1518_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-009-0059-4","volume":"12","author":"B Figueiredo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Figueiredo B, Costa R (2009) Mother\u2019s stress, mood and emotional involvement with the infant: 3 months before and 3 months after childbirth. Arch Womens Ment Health 12(3):143\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-009-0059-4","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"1518_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1785","volume":"172","author":"DG Foster","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foster DG, Biggs MA, Raifman S, Gipson J, Kimport K, Rocca CH (2018) Comparison of Health, Development, maternal bonding, and poverty among children born after denial of abortion vs after pregnancies subsequent to an abortion. JAMA Pediatr 172(11):1053\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1785","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1518_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-0907-2","volume":"9","author":"LM Hicks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hicks LM, Dayton CJ, Brown S, Muzik M, Raveau H (2018) Mindfulness moderates Depression and Quality of prenatal attachment in expectant parents. Mindfulness 9(5):1604\u20131614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-018-0907-2","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"6","key":"1518_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-015-0456-x","volume":"6","author":"J Kabat-Zinn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn J (2015) Mindfulness Mindfulness 6(6):1481\u20131483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-015-0456-x","journal-title":"Mindfulness Mindfulness"},{"issue":"1","key":"1518_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-015-0522-3","volume":"19","author":"B Kerstis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kerstis B, Aarts C, Tillman C et al (2016) Association between parental depressive symptoms and impaired bonding with the infant. Arch Womens Ment Health 19(1):87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-015-0522-3","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"1518_CR18","unstructured":"Klaus MH, Kennell JH (1976) Maternal-Infant Bonding: The Impact of Early Separation or Loss on Family Development. https:\/\/repository.library.georgetown.edu\/handle\/10822\/772789. Accessed 14 March 2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"1518_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-012-0312-0","volume":"16","author":"M Muzik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Muzik M, Bocknek EL, Broderick A et al (2013) Mother\u2013infant bonding impairment across the first 6 months postpartum: the primacy of psychopathology in women with childhood abuse and neglect histories. Arch Womens Ment Health 16(1):29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-012-0312-0","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"1518_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2019.102148","volume":"68","author":"S Nath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nath S, Pearson RM, Moran P et al (2019) The association between prenatal maternal anxiety disorders and postpartum perceived and observed mother-infant relationship quality. J Anxiety Disord 68:102148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2019.102148","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1518_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-03036-9","volume":"25","author":"MC Roth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roth MC, Humphreys KL, King LS, Gotlib IH, Robakis TK (2021) Breastfeeding difficulties predict mothers\u2019 bonding with their infants from birth to Age six months. Matern Child Health J 25(5):777\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-020-03036-9","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1518_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-022-01398-5","volume":"55","author":"E Rusanen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rusanen E, Lahikainen AR, Vierikko E, P\u00f6lkki P, Paavonen EJ. A (2024) Longitudinal Study of Maternal Postnatal Bonding and psychosocial factors that contribute to Social-Emotional Development. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 55(1):274\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-022-01398-5","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"1518_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B (2006) A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 166(10):1092\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"1518_CR25","unstructured":"StataCorp (2021) Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. StataCorp LLC"},{"issue":"9","key":"1518_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222998","volume":"14","author":"E Tichelman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tichelman E, Westerneng M, Witteveen AB et al (2019) Correlates of prenatal and postnatal mother-to-infant bonding quality: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 14(9):e0222998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0222998","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1518_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.3.253","volume":"19","author":"D Watson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Watson D, O\u2019Hara MW, Simms LJ et al (2007) Development and validation of the inventory of depression and anxiety symptoms (IDAS). Psychol Assess 19(3):253\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.19.3.253","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"}],"container-title":["Archives of Women's Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00737-024-01518-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00737-024-01518-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00737-024-01518-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1747747106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00737-024-01518-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-024-01518-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-1816","1435-1102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-1816","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. Funding agencies had no role in data analysis, the writing of this manuscript, or the decision to submit it for publication.\u00a0","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}