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We aimed to examine associations between ADHD medication use and cardiometabolic conditions during pregnancy (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes) and the pharmacological treatment thereof.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Linking statewide hospital and dispensing data, we conducted a population-based matched cohort study of women who gave birth between January 2014 and June 2021 in New South Wales, Australia (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009312,697). We compared the incidence of cardiometabolic conditions and cardiometabolic medication use during pregnancy among women who used ADHD medications during pregnancy (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009336) with a 1:10 matched cohort of unexposed women, and with women who used ADHD medications in the 12 months before pregnancy (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009252). We used Poisson regression models to calculate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for sociodemographic and pregnancy-related factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with unexposed women, women who used ADHD medications during pregnancy had an increased risk of gestational hypertension (adjusted RR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.20\u20132.57) and gestational diabetes (aRR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.09\u20131.82), with slightly elevated risk estimates for preeclampsia (aRR: 1.30, 95% CI: 0.82\u20132.05) and cardiometabolic medication use (aRR: 1.40, 95% CI: 0.97\u20132.01). Compared with women who used ADHD medications before pregnancy only, risk estimates attenuated for all outcomes except gestational diabetes (aRR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.06\u20132.93).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women using ADHD medications had an elevated incidence of cardiometabolic conditions during pregnancy, but it remains unclear to what extent this is attributable to medications rather than the underlying ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-025-01664-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T03:00:34Z","timestamp":1772506834000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder medication use and cardiometabolic conditions in pregnancy: a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3551-4004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7789-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9038-8050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm B.","family":"Gillies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0761-9028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helga","family":"Zoega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1664_CR1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 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