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Ethical procedures, informed consent protocols, and methodological details are described in the NDHS-2022 report. The Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2022 received ethical approval from both the Nepal Health Research Council (Ref. #678: 494\/2021 P) and the ICF Institutional Review Board (ICF Project # 180657.0. 001. NP. DHS. 01). Additionally, written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. For minors, consent was obtained from their parents or guardians, and assent was obtained from the minor themselves.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing or conflicting interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"AI tool (open-source ChatGPT) was used to support refinement of figure layout and formatting. These tools enhanced readability and presentation. All conceptualization, data analysis, interpretation, and final content reflect the author\u2019s original intellectual contributions. The author retained full control over all analytical and interpretive decisions.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"AI use declaration"}}],"article-number":"30"}}