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Polygenic scores (PGS) for major depression (MD) were also tested for association with adverse mood effect. Sensitivity analyses tested for modification of these associations by a history of depression prior to first OCP use (prior depression), or by depression onset before the age of twenty (child\/teen depression onset).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adverse mood effect was reported by 1,342 OCP users (38%). PPD, PMDD, prior depression and child\/teen depression onset were significantly associated with adverse mood effect (PPD: Relative Risk (RR)\u2009=\u20091.66,CI=[1.4\u20132.0],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.0\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20096<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; PMDD: RR\u2009=\u20093.78,CI=[2.4-6.0],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.2\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20098<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; prior depression: RR\u2009=\u20091.32,CI=[1.1\u20131.5],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095.9\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20094<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; child\/teen depression onset: RR\u2009=\u20091.56,CI=[1.3\u20131.8],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20097<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The association of PPD with adverse mood effect remained significant for women with no prior or child\/teen depression onset (RR\u2009=\u20091.77,CI=[1.3\u20132.4],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.6\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20094<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), but was not significant for women with both prior and child\/teen depression onset. Adverse mood effect was significantly associated with PGS for MD: full sample: RR\u2009=\u20091.18,CI=[1.1\u20131.3],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.6\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20095<\/jats:sup>\n                      ); no prior or child\/teen depression onset: RR\u2009=\u20091.27,CI=[1.1\u20131.4],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20094<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants who experience an adverse mood effect with OCP use are likely to have higher genetic vulnerability for depression, and experience child\/teen depression onset, as well as reproductive depressive episodes such as PPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-026-01708-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T05:24:38Z","timestamp":1778045078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Poor mood after oral contraceptive use is associated with increased vulnerability to peripartum depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and higher genetic risk for depression"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Kiewa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope A.","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian B.","family":"Hickie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Medland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany E.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christel M.","family":"Middeldorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi R.","family":"Wray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enda M.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1708_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v23i3.11","volume":"23","author":"KH Abate","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abate KH (2013) Gender disparity in prevalence of depression among patient population: a systematic review. 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He has led major public health and health service development in Australia, particularly focusing on early intervention for young people with depression, suicidal thoughts and behaviours and complex mood disorders. He is active in the development through codesign, implementation and continuous evaluation of new health information and personal monitoring technologies to drive highly-personalised and measurement-based care. He holds a 3.2% equity share in Innowell Pty Ltd that is focused on digital transformation of mental health services.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"71"}}