{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:03:47Z","timestamp":1778540627916,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03159-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T03:02:37Z","timestamp":1575687757000},"page":"2991-2999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Craniofacial growth in infants with deformational plagiocephaly: does prematurity affect the duration of head orthosis therapy and the extent of the reduction in asymmetry during treatment?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8727-8387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Kunz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tilmann","family":"Schweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"D\u00f6rr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Wa\u00dfmuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Stellzig-Eisenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Linz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3159_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3282f1581a","volume":"19","author":"ML Cunningham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cunningham ML, Heike CL (2007) Evaluation of the infant with an abnormal skull shape. Curr Opin Pediatr 19(6):645\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3282f1581a","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3159_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2015.11.016","volume":"44","author":"C Freudlsperger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freudlsperger C, Steinmacher S, Saure D, Bodem JP, Kuhle R, Hoffmann J, Engel M (2016) Impact of severity and therapy onset on helmet therapy in positional plagiocephaly. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 44(2):110\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2015.11.016","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"3159_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/19.8.423","volume":"19","author":"A Mawji","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mawji A, Vollman AR, Fung T, Hatfield J, McNeil DA, Sauve R (2014) Risk factors for positional plagiocephaly and appropriate time frames for prevention messaging. Paediatr Child Health 19(8):423\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pch\/19.8.423","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3159_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181f95cd8","volume":"127","author":"JM Smartt Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smartt JM Jr, Elliott RM, Reid RR, Bartlett SP (2011) Analysis of differences in the cranial base and facial skeleton of patients with lambdoid synostosis and deformational plagiocephaly. Plast Reconstr Surg 127(1):303\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181f95cd8","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3159_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199602000-00003","volume":"97","author":"LJ Lo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lo LJ, Marsh JL, Pilgram TK, Vannier MW (1996) Plagiocephaly: differential diagnosis based on endocranial morphology. Plast Reconstr Surg 97(2):282\u2013291","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3159_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1597\/04-174.1","volume":"43","author":"DJ Netherway","year":"2006","unstructured":"Netherway DJ, Abbott AH, Gulamhuseinwala N, McGlaughlin KL, Anderson PJ, Townsend GC, David DJ (2006) Three-dimensional computed tomography cephalometry of plagiocephaly: asymmetry and shape analysis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 43(2):201\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1597\/04-174.1","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3159_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-199601000-00005","volume":"7","author":"LC Argenta","year":"1996","unstructured":"Argenta LC, David LR, Wilson JA, Bell WO (1996) An increase in infant cranial deformity with supine sleeping position. J Craniofac Surg 7(1):5\u201311","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"3159_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-312018","volume":"102","author":"F De Bock","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Bock F, Braun V, Renz-Polster H (2017) Deformational plagiocephaly in normal infants: a systematic review of causes and hypotheses. Arch Dis Child 102(6):535\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2016-312018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"3159_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1126","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2969","volume":"124","author":"JL Joganic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Joganic JL, Lynch JM, Littlefield TR, Verrelli BC (2009) Risk factors associated with deformational plagiocephaly. Pediatrics 124(6):e1126\u2013e1133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-2969","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"3159_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.6.e72","volume":"110","author":"WK Peitsch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peitsch WK, Keefer CH, LaBrie RA, Mulliken JB (2002) Incidence of cranial asymmetry in healthy newborns. Pediatrics 110(6):e72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.110.6.e72","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"3159_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03029.x","volume":"50","author":"AE Bialocerkowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bialocerkowski AE, Vladusic SL, Wei Ng C (2008) Prevalence, risk factors, and natural history of positional plagiocephaly: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 50(8):577\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03029.x","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3159_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000259190.56177.ca","volume":"119","author":"JE Losee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Losee JE, Mason AC, Dudas J, Hua LB, Mooney MP (2007) Nonsynostotic occipital plagiocephaly: factors impacting onset, treatment, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(6):1866\u20131873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.prs.0000259190.56177.ca","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3159_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.8.FOCUS13261","volume":"35","author":"F Shweikeh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shweikeh F, Nuno M, Danielpour M, Krieger MD, Drazin D (2013) Positional plagiocephaly: an analysis of the literature on the effectiveness of current guidelines. Neurosurg Focus 35(4):E1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.8.FOCUS13261","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"31-32","key":"3159_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0535","volume":"114","author":"C Linz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Linz C, Kunz F, Bohm H, Schweitzer T (2017) Positional skull deformities. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114(31-32):535\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0535","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"3159_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.08.011","volume":"89","author":"S Ifflaender","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ifflaender S, Rudiger M, Konstantelos D, Wahls K, Burkhardt W (2013) Prevalence of head deformities in preterm infants at term equivalent age. Early Hum Dev 89(12):1041\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.08.011","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3159_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1971.tb08320.x","volume":"13","author":"JD Baum","year":"1971","unstructured":"Baum JD, Searls D (1971) Head shape and size of pre-term low-birthweight infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 13(5):576\u2013581","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3159_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1986.tb03927.x","volume":"28","author":"AM Elliman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Elliman AM, Bryan EM, Elliman AD, Starte D (1986) Narrow heads of preterm infants--do they matter? Dev Med Child Neurol 28(6):745\u2013748","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3159_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.3.565","volume":"103","author":"TR Littlefield","year":"1999","unstructured":"Littlefield TR, Kelly KM, Pomatto JK, Beals SP (1999) Multiple-birth infants at higher risk for development of deformational plagiocephaly. Pediatrics 103(3):565\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.103.3.565","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3159_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90003-2","volume":"13","author":"GK McPherson","year":"1980","unstructured":"McPherson GK, Kriewall TJ (1980) The elastic modulus of fetal cranial bone: a first step towards an understanding of the biomechanics of fetal head molding. J Biomech 13(1):9\u201316","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"3159_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(81)90166-4","volume":"14","author":"TJ Kriewall","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kriewall TJ, McPherson GK, Tsai AC (1981) Bending properties and ash content of fetal cranial bone. J Biomech 14(2):73\u201379","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"9","key":"3159_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.03.008","volume":"90","author":"S Ifflaender","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ifflaender S, Rudiger M, Konstantelos D, Lange U, Burkhardt W (2014) Individual course of cranial symmetry and proportion in preterm infants up to 6 months of corrected age. Early Hum Dev 90(9):511\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.03.008","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3159_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000955","volume":"135","author":"JP Steinberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinberg JP, Rawlani R, Humphries LS, Rawlani V, Vicari FA (2015) Effectiveness of conservative therapy and helmet therapy for positional cranial deformation. Plast Reconstr Surg 135(3):833\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000955","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"3159_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1493-y","volume":"27","author":"L Pogliani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pogliani L, Mameli C, Fabiano V, Zuccotti GV (2011) Positional plagiocephaly: what the pediatrician needs to know. A review. Childs Nerv Syst 27(11):1867\u20131876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-011-1493-y","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"3159_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003517","volume":"140","author":"F Kunz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kunz F, Schweitzer T, Kunz J, Wassmuth N, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A, Bohm H, Meyer-Marcotty P, Linz C (2017) Head orthosis therapy in positional plagiocephaly: influence of age and severity of asymmetry on effect and duration of therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 140(2):349\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003517","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"3159_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.04.009","volume":"46","author":"P Meyer-Marcotty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meyer-Marcotty P, Kunz F, Schweitzer T, Wachter B, Bohm H, Wassmuth N, Linz C (2018) Cranial growth in infants - A longitudinal three-dimensional analysis of the first months of life. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 46(6):987\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.04.009","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3159_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182729f11","volume":"131","author":"M Seruya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seruya M, Oh AK, Taylor JH, Sauerhammer TM, Rogers GF (2013) Helmet treatment of deformational plagiocephaly: the relationship between age at initiation and rate of correction. Plast Reconstr Surg 131(1):55e\u201361e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182729f11","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3159_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31821b62d6","volume":"128","author":"S Kluba","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kluba S, Kraut W, Reinert S, Krimmel M (2011) What is the optimal time to start helmet therapy in positional plagiocephaly? Plast Reconstr Surg 128(2):492\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31821b62d6","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"3159_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.5.0667","volume":"87","author":"SD Moss","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moss SD (1997) Nonsurgical, nonorthotic treatment of occipital plagiocephaly: what is the natural history of the misshapen neonatal head? J Neurosurg 87(5):667\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1997.87.5.0667","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"3159_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200605000-00005","volume":"17","author":"PA Mortenson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mortenson PA, Steinbok P (2006) Quantifying positional plagiocephaly: reliability and validity of anthropometric measurements. J Craniofac Surg 17(3):413\u2013419","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"13","key":"3159_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0227","volume":"110","author":"E Schleussner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schleussner E (2013) The prevention, diagnosis and treatment of premature labor. Dtsch Arztebl Int 110(13):227\u2013235; quiz 236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0227","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3159_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjy012","volume":"41","author":"F Kunz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kunz F, Schweitzer T, Grosse S, Wassmuth N, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A, Bohm H, Meyer-Marcotty P, Linz C (2019) Head orthosis therapy in positional plagiocephaly: longitudinal 3D-investigation of long-term outcomes, compared with untreated infants and with a control group. Eur J Orthod 41(1):29\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjy012","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"3159_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0344-5","volume":"86","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Fernandez R, Fox GF, Goss KCW, Mactier H, Reynolds P, Sweet DG, Roehr CC (2019) Surfactant replacement therapy for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: United Kingdom national consensus. Pediatr Res 86(1):12\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-019-0344-5","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3159_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4050-z","volume":"34","author":"AM South","year":"2019","unstructured":"South AM, Nixon PA, Chappell MC, Diz DI, Russell GB, Jensen ET, Shaltout HA, O'Shea TM, Washburn LK (2019) Renal function and blood pressure are altered in adolescents born preterm. Pediatr Nephrol 34(1):137\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-018-4050-z","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3159_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211113","volume":"24","author":"JR Kaiser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaiser JR, Tilford JM, Simpson PM, Salhab WA, Rosenfeld CR (2004) Hospital survival of very-low-birth-weight neonates from 1977 to 2000. J Perinatol 24(6):343\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jp.7211113","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3159_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.06.015","volume":"50","author":"MG Keijzer-Veen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keijzer-Veen MG, Kleinveld HA, Lequin MH, Dekker FW, Nauta J, de Rijke YB, van der Heijden BJ (2007) Renal function and size at young adult age after intrauterine growth restriction and very premature birth. Am J Kidney Dis 50(4):542\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.06.015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3159_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.042","volume":"54","author":"SL White","year":"2009","unstructured":"White SL, Perkovic V, Cass A, Chang CL, Poulter NR, Spector T, Haysom L, Craig JC, Salmi IA, Chadban SJ, Huxley RR (2009) Is low birth weight an antecedent of CKD in later life? A systematic review of observational studies. Am J Kidney Dis 54(2):248\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.042","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3159_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.181784","volume":"59","author":"F de Jong","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Jong F, Monuteaux MC, van Elburg RM, Gillman MW, Belfort MB (2012) Systematic review and meta-analysis of preterm birth and later systolic blood pressure. Hypertension 59(2):226\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.181784","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-019-03159-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-019-03159-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-019-03159-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T00:51:00Z","timestamp":1607215860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-019-03159-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-019-03159-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-6981","1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-6981","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-3771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards (The study was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All the parents or legal guardians gave their oral and written consent to participating in the investigation.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}