{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:24:34Z","timestamp":1759335874197,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03390-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T08:02:47Z","timestamp":1592380967000},"page":"469-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Influence of endodontic cavity access on curved root canal preparation with ProDesign Logic rotary instruments"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5395-8130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabiana Rodrigues","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3722-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais Marchand","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8299-160X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana Soares Grecca","family":"Vilella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7052-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Andr\u00e9 Fontoura","family":"de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"3390_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.05.006","volume":"44","author":"M Sabeti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sabeti M, Kazem M, Dianat O, Bahrololumi N, Beglou A, Rahimipour K, Dehnavi F (2018) Impact of access cavity design and root canal taper on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth: an ex vivo investigation. J Endod 44(9):1402\u20131406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2018.05.006","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200206000-00015","volume":"28","author":"KP Schroeder","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schroeder KP, Walton RE, Rivera EM (2002) Straight line access and coronal flaring: effect on canal length. J Endod 28(6):474\u2013476","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"3","key":"3390_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/bdj.2007.682","volume":"203","author":"S Patel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Patel S, Rhodes J (2007) A practical guide to endodontic access cavity preparation in molar teeth. Br Dent J 203(3):133\u2013140","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3390_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.12.002","volume":"36","author":"W Tang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tang W, Wu Y, Smales RJ (2010) Identifying and reducing risks for potential fractures in endodontically treated teeth. J Endod 36(4):609\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2009.12.002","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"4","key":"3390_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500416","volume":"85","author":"H Lang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lang H, Korkmaz Y, Schneider K, Raab WH (2006) Impact of endodontic treatments on the rigidity of the root. J Dent Res 85(4):364\u2013368","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2014.201","volume":"216","author":"AH Gluskin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gluskin AH, Peters CI, Peters OA (2014) Minimally invasive endodontics: challenging prevailing paradigms. Br Dent J 216(6):347\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bdj.2014.201","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3390_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3290\/j.qi.a33047","volume":"46","author":"S B\u00fcrklein","year":"2015","unstructured":"B\u00fcrklein S, Sh\u00e4fer E (2015) Minimally invasive endodontics. Quintessence Int 46(2):119\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3290\/j.qi.a33047","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"3390_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.12.012","volume":"40","author":"R Krishan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krishan R, Paque F, Ossareh A, Kishen A, Dao T, Friedman S (2014) Impacts of conservative endodontic cavity on root canal instrumentation efficacy and resistance to fracture assessed in incisors, premolars, and molars. J Endod 40(8):1160\u20131166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2013.12.012","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.12.038","volume":"36","author":"R Gergi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gergi R, Rjeily JA, Sader J, Naaman A (2010) Comparison of canal transportation and centering ability of Twisted files, Pathfile-ProTaper system, and stainless steel hand K-files by using computed tomography. J Endod 36(5):904\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2009.12.038","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"4","key":"3390_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.11.010","volume":"44","author":"M Alovisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alovisi M, Pasqualini D, Musso E, Bobbio E, Giuliano C, Mancino D, Scotti N, Berutti E (2018) Influence of contracted endodontic access on root canal geometry: an in vitro study. J Endod 44(4):614\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2017.11.010","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"1","key":"3390_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/etp.12043","volume":"29","author":"S B\u00fcrklein","year":"2013","unstructured":"B\u00fcrklein S, Sch\u00e4fer E (2013) Critical evaluation of root canal transportation by instrumentation. Endod Top 29(1):110\u2013124","journal-title":"Endod Top"},{"issue":"12","key":"3390_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.09.001","volume":"40","author":"AM Elnaghy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elnaghy AM, Elsaka SE (2014) Evaluation of root canal transportation, centering ratio, and remaining dentin thickness associated with ProTaper Next instruments with and without glide path. J Endod 40(12):2053\u20132056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2014.09.001","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"2","key":"3390_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(71)90230-1","volume":"32","author":"SW Schneider","year":"1971","unstructured":"Schneider SW (1971) A comparison of canal preparation in straight and curved root canal. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 32(2):271\u2013275","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3390_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(97)80250-6","volume":"23","author":"JP Pruett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pruett JP, Clement DJ, Carnes-Jr DL (1997) Cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. J Endod 23(2):77\u201385","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"12","key":"3390_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.08.028","volume":"42","author":"B Moore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moore B, Verdelis K, Kishen A, Dao T, Friedman S (2016) Impacts of contracted endodontic cavities on instrumentation efficacy and biomechanical responses in maxillary molars. J Endod 42(12):1779\u20131783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2016.08.028","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"3390_CR16","first-page":"236","volume-title":"Isolamento, Abertura Coron\u00e1ria e Determina\u00e7\u00e3o do comprimento","author":"M Torabinejad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torabinejad M, Walton RE (2010) Endodontia: princ\u00edpios e pr\u00e1ticas. In: Johnson WT, Williamson AE (eds) Isolamento, Abertura Coron\u00e1ria e Determina\u00e7\u00e3o do comprimento. Elsevier Editora Ltda, Rio de Janeiro, pp 236\u2013239"},{"issue":"2","key":"3390_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2010.01.001","volume":"54","author":"D Clark","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clark D, Khademi J (2010) Modern molar endodontic access and directed dentin conservation. Dent Clin N Am 54(2):249\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cden.2010.01.001","journal-title":"Dent Clin N Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"3390_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(96)80221-4","volume":"22","author":"JM Gambill","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gambill JM, Alder M, del Rio CE (1996) Comparison of nickel-titanium and stainless steel hand-file instrumentation using computed tomography. J Endod 22(7):369\u2013375","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2013.08.004","volume":"110","author":"JR Pereira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pereira JR, McDonald A, Petrie A, Knowles JC (2013) Effect of cavity design on tooth surface strain. J Prosthet Dent 110(5):369\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prosdent.2013.08.004","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.01.022","volume":"43","author":"G Plotino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Plotino G, Grande NM, Isufi A, Ioppolo P, Pedull\u00e0 E, Bedini R, Gambarini G, Testarelli L (2017) Fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth with different access cavity designs. J Endod 43(6):995\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2017.01.022","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.12.012","volume":"105","author":"MA Versiani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Versiani MA, Pascon EA, de Sousa CJ, Borges MA, Sousa-Neto MD (2008) Influence of shaft design on the shaping ability of 3 nickel-titanium rotary systems by means of spiral computerized tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 105(6):807\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.12.012","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2011.01850.x","volume":"44","author":"S B\u00fcrklein","year":"2011","unstructured":"B\u00fcrklein S, Hiller C, Huda M, Sch\u00e4fer E (2011) Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of Mtwo versus coated and uncoated EasyShape instruments in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J 44(5):447\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2011.01850.x","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x","volume":"45","author":"S B\u00fcrklein","year":"2012","unstructured":"B\u00fcrklein S, Hinschitza K, Dammaschke T, Sch\u00e4fer E (2012) Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of two single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth: Reciproc and WaveOne versus Mtwo and ProTaper. Int Endod J 45(5):449\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3390_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402006000100009","volume":"9","author":"HP Lopes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lopes HP, Elias CN, Estrela C, Siqueira JF Jr (1998) Assessment of the apical transportation of root canals using the method of the curvature radius. Braz Dent J 9(1):39\u201345","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12658","volume":"50","author":"N Saberi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saberi N, Patel S, Mannocci F (2017) Comparison of centring ability and transportation between four nickel titanium instrumentation techniques by micro-computed tomography. Int Endod J 50(6):595\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.12658","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"7","key":"3390_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12667","volume":"50","author":"EJNL Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silva EJNL, Pacheco PT, Pires F, Belladonna FG, De-Deus G (2017) Microcomputed tomographic evaluation of canal transportation and centring ability of ProTaper Next and Twisted File Adaptive systems. Int Endod J 50(7):694\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.12667","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12177","volume":"47","author":"OA Peters","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peters OA, Morgental RD, Schulze KA, Paqu\u00e9 F, Kopper PM, Vier-Pelisser FV (2014) Determining cutting efficiency of nickel-titanium coronal flaring instruments used in lateral action. Int Endod J 47(6):505\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.12177","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"7","key":"3390_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.03.008","volume":"41","author":"HS Antunes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antunes HS, R\u00f4\u00e7as IN, Alves FR, Siqueira JF Jr (2015) Total and specific bacterial levels in the apical root canal system of teeth with post-treatment apical periodontitis. J Endod 41(7):1037\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2015.03.008","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"4","key":"3390_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200004000-00003","volume":"26","author":"MK Wu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wu MK, Fan B, Wesselink PR (2000) Leakage along apical root fillings in curved canals. Part I. Effects of apical transportation on seal of root fillings. J Endod 26(4):210\u2013216","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2000.106344","volume":"89","author":"MK Wu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wu MK, R\u2019oris A, Barkis D, Wesselink PR (2000) Prevalence and extent of long oval canals in the apical third. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 89(6):739\u2013743","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"11","key":"3390_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.08.013","volume":"41","author":"JA Eaton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eaton JA, Clement DJ, Lloyd A, Marchesan MA (2015) Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of the influence of root canal system landmarks on access outline forms and canal curvatures in mandibular molars. J Endod 41(11):1888\u20131891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2015.08.013","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"11","key":"3390_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.06.034","volume":"39","author":"SP Harris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harris SP, Bowles WR, Fok A, McClanahan SB (2013) An anatomic investigation of the mandibular first molar using micro-computed tomography. J Endod 39(11):1374\u20131378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2013.06.034","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"1","key":"3390_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2009.00236.x","volume":"15","author":"E Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer E, Dammaschke T (2006) Development and sequelae of canal transportation. Endod Top 15(1):75\u201390","journal-title":"Endod Top"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2005.11.008","volume":"32","author":"A Khademi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khademi A, Yazdizadeh M, Feizianfard M (2006) Determination of the minimum instrumentation size for penetration of irrigants to the apical third of root canal systems. J Endod 32(5):417\u2013420","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"4","key":"3390_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(05)80134-9","volume":"79","author":"MK Wu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wu MK, Wesselink PR (1995) Efficacy of three techniques in cleaning the apical portion of curved root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 79(4):492\u2013496","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200205000-00004","volume":"28","author":"JVB Barbizam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barbizam JVB, Farinuk LF, Marchesan MA, Pecora JD, Sousa-Neto MD (2002) Effectiveness of manual and rotatory instrumentation techniques for cleaning flattened root canals. J Endod 28(5):365\u2013366","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12881","volume":"51","author":"SR Pinheiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinheiro SR, Alcalde MP, Vivacqua-Gomes N, Bramante CM, Vivan RR, Duarte MAH, Vasconcelos BC (2018) Evaluation of apical transportation and centring ability of five thermally treated NiTi rotary systems. Int Endod J 51(6):705\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.12881","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12171","volume":"47","author":"S B\u00fcrklein","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00fcrklein S, B\u00f6rjes L, Sch\u00e4fer E (2014) Comparison of preparation of curved root canals with Hyflex CM and Revo-S rotary nickel-titanium instruments. Int Endod J 47(5):470\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.12171","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"12","key":"3390_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12412","volume":"48","author":"MF Marceliano-Alves","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marceliano-Alves MF, Sousa-Neto MD, Fidel SR, Steier L, Robinson JP, P\u00e9cora JD, Versiani MA (2015) Shaping ability of single-file reciprocating and heat-treated multifile rotary systems: a micro-CT study. Int Endod J 48(12):1129\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.12412","journal-title":"Int Endod J"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03390-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03390-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03390-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T23:59:40Z","timestamp":1623801580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03390-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["3390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03390-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-6981","1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1432-6981"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1436-3771"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry of UFRGS and by the Research Ethics Committee of the same institution (Process CAAE 89366618.0.0000.5347).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"For this type of study, formal consent is not required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}