{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:58:37Z","timestamp":1784264317002,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599523200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["423303\/2016-3."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423303\/2016-3."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03551-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T06:52:30Z","timestamp":1599720750000},"page":"673-682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis induced change in alveolar bone architecture in rats with participation of Wnt signaling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Vanessa Costa","family":"de Sousa Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Pimentel","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas Milit\u00e3o","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima Regina Nunes","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karuza Maria Alves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delane Viana","family":"Gondim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edrginia Cla\u00fadia Carneiro","family":"Gir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Ferreira Carvalho","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9704-2412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Goes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3551_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.01.002","volume":"88","author":"TD Rachner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rachner TD, Platzbecker U, Felsenberg D, Hofbauer LC (2013) Osteonecrosis of the jaw after osteoporosis therapy with denosumab following long-term bisphosphonate therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 88:418\u2013419","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"3551_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.60.063007.134350","volume":"60","author":"SL Ruggiero","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ruggiero SL, Mehrotra B (2009) Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: diagnosis, prevention, and management. Annu Rev Med 60:85\u201396","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"3551_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2405","volume":"30","author":"AA Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan AA, Morrison A, Hanley DA, Felsenberg D, McCauley LK, O'Ryan F, Reid IR, Ruggiero SL, Taguchi A, Tetradis S, Watts NB, Brandi ML, Peters E, Guise T, Eastell R, Cheung AM, Morin SN, Masri B, Cooper C, Morgan SL, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Langdahl BL, al Dabagh R, Davison KS, Kendler DL, S\u00e1ndor GK, Josse RG, Bhandari M, el Rabbany M, Pierroz DD, Sulimani R, Saunders DP, Brown JP, Compston J, on behalf of the International Task Force on Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (2015) Diagnosis and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw: a systematic review and international consensus. J Bone Miner Res 30:3\u201323","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"3551_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2018_181128N904","volume":"66","author":"S Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li S, Li JJ (2019) Zoledronic acid modulates human osteosarcoma cells proliferation via GSK-3\u03b2 activation. Neoplasma 66:766\u2013775","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"3551_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1348-8643(12)00045-6","volume":"10","author":"T Ikebe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ikebe T (2013) Pathophysiology of BRONJ: drug-related osteoclastic disease of the jaw. Oral Sci Int 10:1\u20138","journal-title":"Oral Sci Int"},{"key":"3551_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e31816127d9","volume":"101","author":"NB Watts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Watts NB, Marciani RD (2008) Osteonecrosis of the jaw. South Med J 101:160\u2013165","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"3551_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E38","DOI":"10.3390\/dj4040038","volume":"28","author":"WZM Wat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wat WZM (2016) Current controversies on the pathogenesis of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Dent J (Basel) 28:E38","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"3551_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-006-9001-5","volume":"7","author":"JB Lian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lian JB, Stein GS, Javed A et al (2009) Networks and hubs for the transcriptional control of osteoblastogenesis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 7:1\u201316","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"3551_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00623","volume":"116","author":"Y Kawano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kawano Y, Kypta R (2003) Secreted antagonists of the Wnt signalling pathway. J Cell Sci 116:2627\u20132634","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"3551_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120114","volume":"84","author":"R Dalcico","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dalcico R, de Menezes AM, Deocleciano OB et al (2013) Mechanisms of simvastatin in experimental periodontal disease. J Periodontol 84:1145\u20131157","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"3551_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2013.11.005","volume":"42","author":"P Barba-Recreo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barba-Recreo P, Del Castillo Pardo de Vera JL, Garc\u00eda-Arranz M, Y\u00e9benes L, Burgue\u00f1o M (2014) Zoledronic acid - related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Experimental model with dental extractions in rats. J CranioMaxillofacial Surg 42:744\u2013750","journal-title":"J CranioMaxillofacial Surg"},{"key":"3551_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21422","volume":"33","author":"MP Maahs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maahs MP, Azambuja AA, Campos MM, Salum FG, Cherubini K (2011) Association between bisphosphonates and jaw osteonecrosis: a study in Wistar rats. Head Neck 33:199\u2013207","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"3551_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.10.010","volume":"65","author":"S Yanik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yanik S, Aras S, Erk\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 MH, Bozda\u011f Z, Demir T, \u00c7etiner S (2016) Histopathological features of bisphosphonates related osteonecrosis of the jaw in rats with and without vitamin D supplementation. Arch Oral Biol 65:59\u201365","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"3551_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.11.038","volume":"54","author":"RL Jilka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jilka RL, Noble B, Weinstein RS (2013) Osteocyte apoptosis. Bone 54:264\u2013271","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"3551_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.160075","volume":"87","author":"LH Sousa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sousa LH, Linhares EV, Alexandre JT et al (2016) Effects of atorvastatin on periodontitis of rats subjected to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Periodontol 87:1206\u20131216","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"3551_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01002772","volume":"11","author":"LC Junqueira","year":"1979","unstructured":"Junqueira LC, Bignolas G, Brentani RR (1979) Picrosirius staining plus polarization microscopy, a specific method for collagen detection in tissue sections. Histochem J 11:447\u2013455","journal-title":"Histochem J"},{"key":"3551_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"MR Lima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lima MR, Lopes AP, Martins C, Brito GAC, Carneiro VC, Goes P (2017) The effect of Calendula officinalis on oxidative stress and bone loss in experimental periodontitis. Front Physiol 8:1\u20139","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3551_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1692-y","volume":"469","author":"MD Morris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morris MD, Mandair GS (2011) Raman assessment of bone quality. Clin Orthop Relat Res 469:2160\u20132169","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"3551_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-9959-7","volume":"96","author":"OO Aruwajoye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aruwajoye OO, Kim HKW, Aswath PB (2015) Bone apatite composition of necrotic trabecular bone in the femoral head of immature piglets. Calcif Tissue Int 96:324\u2013234","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"3551_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12067","volume":"19","author":"D Sharma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sharma D, Hamlet S, Petcu E, Ivanovski S (2013) Animal models for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws-an appraisal. Oral Dis 19:747\u2013754","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"3551_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-865020160050000003","volume":"31","author":"C Curra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Curra C, Cardoso CL, Ferreira O et al (2016) Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Introduction of a new modified experimental model. Acta Cir Bras 31:308\u2013313","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"key":"3551_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.04.033","volume":"123","author":"S Fedele","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fedele S, Porter SR, D\u2019Aiuto F et al (2010) Nonexposed variant of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: a case series. Am J Med 123:1060\u20131064","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"3551_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0373-0","volume":"15","author":"Y Uda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uda Y, Azab E, Sun N, Shi C, Pajevic PD (2017) Osteocyte Mechanobiology. Curr Osteoporos Rep 15:318\u2013325","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"3551_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000151371","volume":"189","author":"MR Allen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Allen MR (2009) Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: moving from the bedside to the bench. Cells Tissues Organ 189:289\u2013294","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organ"},{"key":"3551_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-008-0549-x","volume":"38","author":"IR Reid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reid IR, Cundy T (2009) Osteonecrosis of the jaw. Skelet Radiol 38:5\u20139","journal-title":"Skelet Radiol"},{"key":"3551_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.11.007","volume":"46","author":"F Koneski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koneski F, Popovic-Monevska D, Gjorgoski I, Krajoska J, Popovska M, Muratovska I, Velickovski B, Petrushevska G, Popovski V (2018) In vivo effects of geranylgeraniol on the development of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 46:230\u2013236","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3551_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.03.003","volume":"8","author":"EL George","year":"2018","unstructured":"George EL, Lin YL, Saunders MM (2018) Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a mechanobiology perspective. Bone Rep 8:104\u2013109","journal-title":"Bone Rep"},{"key":"3551_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-014-9571-6","volume":"45","author":"X Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu X, Wen H, Hu Y, Yu H, Zhang Y, Chen C (2014) STAT1-caspase 3 pathway in the apoptotic process associated with steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head. J Mol Histol 45:473\u2013485","journal-title":"J Mol Histol"},{"key":"3551_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2013.765592","volume":"71","author":"D Carmagnola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carmagnola D, Canciani E, Sozzi D, Biglioli F, Moneghini L, Dellavia C (2013) Histological findings on jaw osteonecrosis associated with bisphosphonates (BONJ) or with radiotherapy (ORN) in humans. Acta Odontol Scand 71:1410\u20131417","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"3551_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1067-1927.2005.130211.x","volume":"13","author":"L Cuttle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cuttle L, Nataatmadja M, Fraser JF, Kempf M, Kimble RM, Hayes MT (2005) Collagen in the scarless fetal skin wound: detection with picrosirius-polarization. Wound Repair Regen 13:198\u2013204","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"3551_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S107624","volume":"11","author":"EA Abou Neel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abou Neel EA, Aljabo A, Strange A, Ibrahim S, Coathup M, Young A, Bozec L, Mudera V (2016) Demineralization-remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone. Int J Nanomedicine 11:4743\u20134763","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"3551_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.02.001","volume":"52","author":"EM Rosset","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosset EM, Bradshaw AD (2016) SPARC\/osteonectin in mineralized tissue. Matrix Biol 52:78\u201387","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"3551_CR33","volume":"12","author":"EM Rosset","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosset EM, Trombetta-eSilva J, Hepfer G, Yao H, Bradshaw AD (2017) SPARC and the N-propeptide of collagen I influence fibroblast proliferation and collagen assembly in the periodontal ligament. PLoS One 12:e0173209","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3551_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b18-00923","volume":"42","author":"H Funayama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Funayama H, Tashima I, Okada S, Ogawa T, Yagi H, Tada H, Wakita R, Asada Y, Endo Y (2019) Effects of zoledronate on local and systemic production of IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and TNF-\u03b1 in mice and augmentation by lipopolysaccharide. Biol Pharm Bull 42:929\u2013936","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"3551_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.04.002","volume":"25","author":"CG Miao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miao CG, Yang YY, He X, Li XF, Huang C, Huang Y, Zhang L, Lv XW, Jin Y, Li J (2013) Wnt signaling pathway in rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on the different roles in synovial inflammation and bone remodeling. Cell Signal 25:2069\u20132078","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"3551_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3074","volume":"19","author":"R Baron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baron R, Kneissel M (2013) WNT signaling in bone homeostasis and disease: from human mutations to treatments. Nat Med 19:179\u2013192","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3551_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.03.016","volume":"75","author":"Y Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu Y, Sun J, Yang X, Yu Y, Mai H, Li Z (2017) Pamidronate disodium leads to bone necrosis via suppression of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 75:2135\u20132143","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3551_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0270","volume":"148","author":"R Baron","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baron R, Rawadi G (2007) Targeting the Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway to regulate bone formation in the adult skeleton. Endocrinology 148:2635\u20132643","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"3551_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2013.219","volume":"65","author":"S Tamanini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tamanini S, Idolazzi L, Gatti D, Viapiana O, Fassio A, Rossini M (2013) Insight into the WNT system and its drug related response. Reumatismo 65:219\u2013230","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"3551_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0747-y","volume":"52","author":"Z Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu Z, Fan L, Li J, Ge Z, Dang X, Wang K (2016) Lithium prevents rat steroid-related osteonecrosis of the femoral head by \u03b2-catenin activation. Endocrine 52:380\u2013390","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"3551_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.10.030","volume":"46","author":"JY Ko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ko JY, Wang FS, Wang CJ, Wong T, Chou WY, Tseng SL (2010) Increased Dickkopf-1 expression accelerates bone cell apoptosis in femoral head osteonecrosis. Bone 46:584\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2009.10.030","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"3551_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R20","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3616","volume":"16","author":"TD Rachner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rachner TD, G\u00f6bel A, Thiele S, Rauner M, Benad-Mehner P, Hadji P, Bauer T, Muders MH, Baretton GB, Jakob F, Ebert R, Bornh\u00e4user M, Schem C, Hofbauer LC (2014) Dickkopf-1 is regulated by the mevalonate pathway in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 16:R20","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03551-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03551-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03551-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T23:47:15Z","timestamp":1631058435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03551-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["3551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03551-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-6981","1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-6981","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-3771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (Permit Number: 19\/16).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"For this type of study, formal consent is not required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}