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Using a parallel-group design, patients were randomly assigned into 3 groups to receive subgingival debridement (SD) alone (group 1, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916), SD with LAD (group 2, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916), or SD with LAD plus probiotic treatment (group 3, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916). Probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingiva-index simplified (GIs), plaque-control record (PCR), and subgingival microbiological samples were analyzed at baseline, 3\u00a0months, and 6\u00a0months of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All treatment modalities demonstrated clinical improvements in PPD and CAL at 6\u00a0months compared to baseline but without a statistical significant difference between the groups. The combination of SD + LAD + probiotic treatment (group 3) demonstrated significantly greater reductions in BOP, GIs, and red complex bacteria <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. forsythia<\/jats:italic> compared with other groups at 6\u00a0months (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A single application of LAD as an adjunct to SD provided no additional clinical and microbiological benefits compared to SD alone. The combination of SD + LAD + probiotic treatment in group 3 led to further improvements of the inflammatory parameters.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The additional use of probiotics in periodontal treatment can be a useful approach to support inflammation and infection control of periodontal tissues. Further studies are necessary to determine the extent of added benefit for this treatment approach.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03727-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T19:06:33Z","timestamp":1612465593000},"page":"3967-3975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effects of adjunctive light-activated disinfection and probiotics on clinical and microbiological parameters in periodontal treatment: a randomized, controlled, clinical pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Patyna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bahlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Kasaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3727_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x","volume":"25","author":"SS Socransky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr (1998) Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. 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