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The questionnaires concerned vitamin D supplementation, socio-demographics, and oral health behaviours. Based on dental examination, caries scores (dmft\/dmfs), prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe ECC (S-ECC) were calculated. The Spearman\u2019s correlation, linear regression and logistic regression were used to assess the association between various factors and caries (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 1638 children were tested. Of this number, 99.1% infants were supplemented with vitamin D. Supplementation had been continued seasonally in 55.2% children. ECC\/S-ECC prevalence were significantly lower in children receiving vitamin D (ECC 38.3% vs. 44.7%, OR = 0.77; S-ECC 20.5% vs. 27.1%, OR = 0.69; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Mean dmft\/dmfs were lower in those with supplementation (1.54 \u00b1 2.72 vs. 2.24 \u00b1 3.55; 2.40 \u00b1 5.56 vs. 3.72 \u00b1 7.56, respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). After controlling for confounding factors, supplementation was not significantly associated with caries; only dt\/ds were still associated. Maternal education, sweetened beverages before bedtime, bottle use were significantly associated with S-ECC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Lower caries prevalence was observed in those with vitamin D supplementation. The association between parental-reported vitamin D and ECC\/S-ECC was not significant in Polish children. Decayed teeth and supplementation were still associated. Dietary habits can modify the association with caries.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There may be an association between vitamin D supplementation and lower caries in children. Parents should supplement their children during periods of significant growth and development.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03914-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T20:04:06Z","timestamp":1617912246000},"page":"6147-6158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association of parental-reported vitamin D supplementation with dental caries of 3-year-old children in Poland: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dorota","family":"Olczak-Kowalczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Gozdowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0248-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Turska-Szybka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"3914_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2116","volume":"18","author":"A Alazmah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alazmah A (2017) Early childhood caries: a review. 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The study protocol was reviewed and ethical clearance had been obtained before the study began. The Warsaw Medical University Bioethics Committee authorised the present study (No KB\/216\/2015).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed written consent was obtained from all the children\u2019s parents or guardians participating in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}