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The subjects were randomly divided into three groups based on the AW used: group 1, 0.017\u2009\u00d7\u20090.025-inch stainless-steel (SS) AW; group 2, 0.019\u2009\u00d7\u20090.025-inch SS AW; and group 3, 0.021\u2009\u00d7\u20090.025-inch \u03b2-titanium (TMA) AW. The intervention was randomly allocated using the permuted random block size of 3 with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio. In the three groups, a 5-mm depth reverse COS was placed in the AWs. The following time points were defined for COS assessment: T1, before interventional leveling AW placement; and T2\u2013T7, 1\u20136\u00a0months after interventional leveling AW placement. Records consisted of dental study models and periapical (PA) radiographs. Pain scores were recorded using visual analogue scale. Patients were followed up on a monthly basis until COS\u2009&lt;\u20091.5\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>COS depth reduction, lower incisors\u2019 EARR, pain scores, and arch dimensional changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>An overall reduction of 3.82\u00a0mm, 4.47\u00a0mm, and 3.85\u00a0mm of the depth of COS was achieved in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean differences of 0.65\u00a0mm between groups 1 and 2 and 0.62\u00a0mm between groups 2 and 3 were significant at<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05. Lower incisors\u2019 EARR during leveling COS ranged from 0.68 to 0.72\u00a0mm, from 0.63 to 0.82\u00a0mm, and from 0.53 to 0.88\u00a0mm in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Higher pain scores were reported by group 2 subjects during the first 24\u00a0h. Arch length and width increased significantly in groups 2 and 3 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In all groups, COS leveling was achieved by lower incisor intrusion and proclination and lower molar extrusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>All investigated AWs were effective in leveling COS with minimal lower incisors\u2019 EARR (&lt;\u20091\u00a0mm). COS was leveled by lower incisors\u2019 intrusion and proclination and lower molar extrusion. Pain scores were the highest in group 2 during the first 24\u00a0h.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 3 investigated leveling AWs were effective for the leveling COS and at the same time safe on the roots of the lower anterior teeth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04672-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T08:03:15Z","timestamp":1661241795000},"page":"7107-7120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Efficacy of lower arch leveling, lower incisors\u2019 root resorption, and pain associated with the correction of curve of Spee using different orthodontic archwires: a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yousef H.","family":"Nasrawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9104-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham S. 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