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The volume-stable materials (FG\/MGA\/E) were further implanted with a twofold (2) and a fourfold (4) compression, created by the stacking of additional layers of the substitute materials. The samples were retrieved at 1, 2, and 12\u00a0weeks (10 groups, 3 time points, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095 per time point and group, overall, 150 samples). The area fraction of infiltrated fibroblasts and inflammatory cells was evaluated histologically. Due to within-subject comparisons, mixed models were conducted for the primary outcome. The level of significance was set at 5%.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The area fraction of fibroblasts increased in all groups over time. At 12\u00a0weeks, the densely compressed materials FG4 (1.1%), MGA4 (1.7%), and MGA2 (2.5%) obtained lower values as compared to the other groups, ranging between 4.7 (E2) and 6.5% (MG). Statistically significant differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.05) were observed between groups FG4 vs MG\/FG2\/E\/E4 as well as between MGA4 vs MG\/FG2\/E\/E4 and E vs MGA2.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Higher levels of compression led to delayed tissue integration. The effect of different compression levels was more distinct when compared to the differences between the materials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All biomaterials demonstrated tissue integration and a minimal concomitant inflammatory reaction. Clinically, it might be more favorable to obtain a sufficient flap release or to reduce the material size to improve the tissue integration processes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04726-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T07:02:42Z","timestamp":1666076562000},"page":"313-328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Tissue integration and biodegradation of soft tissue substitutes with and without compression: an experimental study in the rat"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8562-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan P.","family":"Bienz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cedryck","family":"Vaquette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph H. 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Dr. Ioannidis reports further non-financial support from Lithoz GmBH.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}