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Initial sites with probing depth (PD) &gt; 4 mm were randomly assigned to receive the test (ICG-aPDT with an 810 nm diode laser) or the control treatment (off-mode aPDT) one and four weeks after FMUD. Clinical parameters were registered after 3 and 6 months. The presence of the main periodontal pathogens in subgingival samples was assessed with real-time PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both treatment modalities resulted in significant clinical improvements at 3 and 6 months. The only significant differences in favour of the test group were found at 6 months for a higher PD reduction in initial deep pockets (PD \u2265 6 mm) and a higher percentage of closed pockets (PD \u2264 4 mm\/no bleeding on probing). Limited microbiological changes were observed in both groups after treatment with no inter-group difference, except for a more significant reduction in\n                      <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Parvimonas micra<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels in the test group at 3 months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The combination of repeated ICG-aPDT and FMUD provided no benefits except for selective clinical and microbiological improvements compared to FMUD alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the obtained results, only limited adjunctive effects could be found for the combined use of ICG-aPDT and FMUD. Further, well-designed RCT with larger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      NCT04671394.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04875-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T08:03:50Z","timestamp":1675152230000},"page":"2385-2394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Clinical and microbiological efficacy of indocyanine green-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment of periodontitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Annunziata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Donnarumma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agostino","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Nastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Persico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Sanz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"4875_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12946","volume":"45","author":"PN Papapanou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N et al (2018) Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. 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