{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T20:20:39Z","timestamp":1789417239303,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aim of the present study was twofold:(1) three-dimensionally evaluate the quantitative skeletal and dentoalveolar changes after Ni\u2013Ti leaf spring expander (leaf expander) and rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in mixed dentition patients;(2) analyze the modifications of the buccal alveolar bone plate of the maxillary first permanent molars.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients who underwent CBCT scans before and after maxillary expansion were randomly selected from the records archived at the\u00a0Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Inclusion criteria were the following: no systemic disease or syndromes; maxillary transverse deficiencies (difference between the upper intermolar width and the lower intermolar width of at least 3\u00a0mm and\/or clinical need based on radiographic evaluation), early mixed dentition with ages between 7 to 10\u00a0years old; cervical vertebra maturation stage (CVMS) 1 or 2; no pathologic periodontal status; skeletal class I or II; maxillary expander cemented on the upper second deciduous molars. Exclusion criteria were the following: patients with pubertal or post-pubertal stage of development (CVMS 3\u20136); late deciduous or late mixed dentition, impossibility to use the second primary molar as anchorage; skeletal class III malocclusion; craniofacial syndromes; patients unable to be followed during the treatment period. Twenty-three patients treated with Leaf Expander, 11 males (mean age 7.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u00a0years) and 12 females (mean age 8.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u00a0years), met the inclusion criteria and constituted the case group. Twenty-four (control group) treated with conventional RME, 12 males (mean age 8.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u00a0years) and 12 females (mean age 8.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u00a0years). The paired-sample T test was used for intra-group comparison to evaluate the difference between before (T1) and after (T2) maxillary expansion. Independent sample t-test was computed to perform between groups comparison of the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and periodontal changes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The Leaf Expander and RME group showed a significant increase between T1 and T2 for most of the skeletal and dentoalveolar variables. Concerning the skeletal variables only the RME demonstrated a significant increase at the level of the posterior nasal (PNW) and apical base width (PABW) and maxillary mid-alveolar width (MMW). Despite this, when compare with the Leaf Expander, the RME group exhibited a statistically larger width increase for only two skeletal parameters: PNW (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) and MMW (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). No significant changes at the periodontal level were found in either group.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>According to the current research, the authors confirm the effectiveness of the Leaf Expander and RME to produce similar skeletal and dentoalveolar effects in mixed dentition subjects. Moreover, the devices anchored to deciduous teeth did not reduce the thickness and height of the buccal bone at the level of the maxillary permanent first molars in either of the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05144-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T09:03:26Z","timestamp":1689757406000},"page":"5249-5262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Comparison of the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and periodontal changes after Ni\u2013Ti leaf spring expander and rapid maxillary expansion: a three-dimensional CBCT based evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Abate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ugolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Maspero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Silvestrini-Biavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Caprioglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Lanteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5144_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2319\/050619-316.1","volume":"90","author":"H-W Moon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moon H-W, Kim M-J, Ahn H-W, Kim S-J, Kim S-H, Chung K-R et al (2020) Molar inclination and surrounding alveolar bone change relative to the design of bone-borne maxillary expanders: a CBCT study. 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The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda, Ospedale Maggiore, Milan - Italy (protocol n.573\/15). All procedures performed in this retrospective study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"For this type of study, informed consent was obtained from all individual participants or their parents, depending on their age included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}