{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:19:35Z","timestamp":1774369175704,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005609","name":"University of Turku","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate the impact of simulated gastric acid on the surface properties of lithium disilicate\u2013reinforced glass\u2013ceramics and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass\u2013ceramic after certain polishing and glazing procedures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Four different types of square-shaped specimens (10\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u2009\u00d7\u20092 mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913) were manufactured: lithium disilicate\u2013reinforced glass\u2013ceramic milled and polished (LDS-P); milled, polished, and glazed (LDS-PG); milled, glazed, and no polishing (LDS-G); and milled and polished zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass\u2013ceramic (ZR-LS). Specimens were immersed in hydrochloride acid (HCl 0.06\u00a0M, pH 1.2) to simulate gastric acid irritation and stored in the acid for 96\u00a0h in 37\u00a0\u00b0C. Specimen weight, surface gloss, Vickers surface microhardness and surface roughness (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>q<\/jats:sub>, with optical profilometer), and surface roughness on nanometer level (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>q<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>al<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>q<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>al<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>dr<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ds<\/jats:sub> with atomic force microscope) were measured before and after the acid immersion.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ZR-LS specimens lost significantly more weight after acid immersion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), also surface microhardness of ZR-LS was significantly reduced (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). LDS-G and LDS-PG showed significantly lower surface roughness (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>q<\/jats:sub>) values compared to LDS-P before (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.99) and after (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.99) acid immersion and ZR-LS after acid immersion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.99).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Gastric acid challenge affects the surface properties of lithium disilicate\u2013reinforced glass\u2013ceramic and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass\u2013ceramic. Glazing layer provides lower surface roughness, and the glazed surface tends to smoothen after the gastric acid challenge.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Surface finish of lithium disilicate\u2013reinforced glass\u2013ceramic and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass\u2013ceramic has a clear impact on material\u2019s surface properties. Gastric acidic challenge changes surface properties but glazing seems to function as a protective barrier. Nevertheless, also glazing tends to smoothen after heavy gastric acid challenge. Glazing can be highly recommended to all glass\u2013ceramic restorations but especially in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eating disorders like bulimia nervosa.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05301-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T16:01:50Z","timestamp":1697040110000},"page":"6865-6877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gastric acid challenge of lithium disilicate\u2013reinforced glass\u2013ceramics and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass\u2013ceramic after polishing and glazing\u2014impact on surface properties"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jenni","family":"Hjerppe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Shahramian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Rosqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lippo V. 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