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The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)\u03b1 inflammatory cytokines and the psychological stress-related markers, glucocorticoid receptor-\u03b1 (GR\u03b1), and salivary \u03b1-amylase (sAA) gene expression levels in saliva samples obtained from healthy implants and peri-implantitis patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included a total of 50 systemically healthy subjects. Peri-implant clinical parameters were recorded and psychological stress level was evaluated with the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD) and state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) questionnaire forms. Following the evaluations, the patients were divided into 4 groups according their stress and clinical status (Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb). IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN\u03b1, GR\u03b1, sAA gene expression levels in the saliva samples were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the group of peri-implantitis who had a high score in stress level assessment scales, significantly higher IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, sAA expression levels were observed (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The IL-10 gene expression levels were lower in the groups with a high score in the stress level assessment scales (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). GR\u03b1 gene was expressed at lower levels in the group of peri-implantitis who had a high score in stress level assessment scales but the difference was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.065).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings suggest that psychological stress may increase the inflammation associated with peri-implantitis by affecting cytokine expression levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To prevent peri-implantitis or reduce its prevalence, it could be beneficial to evaluate stress levels and identify individuals experiencing stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05692-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T08:52:52Z","timestamp":1714553572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of salivary stress markers and inflammatory cytokine levels in peri-implantitis patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Fatma","family":"Soysal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berrin","family":"Unsal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sila Cagri","family":"Isler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulcin","family":"Akca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batuhan","family":"Bakirarar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ozcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"5692_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2016.46.3.136","volume":"46","author":"NA Valente","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valente NA, Andreana S (2016) Peri-implant disease: what we know and what we need to know. 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