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To date, there is no data available on the oral cavity as transmission site, whether <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> can survive in the oral cavity or in human saliva. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of oral microorganisms and human saliva on the survival of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> in human saliva.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> strains KE, a motile derivate of type strain <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> 26695, and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> SS1, a clinical isolate from a gastric biopsy, were grown in human pooled saliva (pooled from 4 healthy human donors, 0.22\u00a0\u03bcm filter-sterilized) or in BBF (Brucella browth formula; control) either as mono-cultures or in co-culture with <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Actinomyces naeslundii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus casei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Candida dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>. Bacterial survival of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> and the oral microorganisms were investigated using colony forming units (CFU) assay and MALDI-TOF MS at baseline and after 24, 48 and 168\u00a0h.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In saliva, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> KE demonstrated enhanced survival in co-culture with <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. naeslundii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>C. dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>, enduring for at least 48\u00a0h. In contrast, <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. oralis<\/jats:italic> inhibited <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> KE in saliva. <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> KE could not be cultured after 168\u00a0h in saliva, neither in mono- nor co-culture. In contrast, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> SS1 in saliva could be cultured after 168\u00a0h in co-culture with <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>, but not in mono-culture. In BBF, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> KE could be cultured after 168\u00a0h with <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> SS1 with <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>, but not with <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>. Notably, the co-cultured microorganisms survived at high CFU numbers similar to those of the monocultures.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study suggests that <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> can transiently survive in human saliva and even with presence of certain oral microorganisms. However, it may not be a permanent resident of the oral microbiota. The co-survival with oral microorganisms emphasizes the necessity for studying the role of the oral microbiota in the infectious and transmission cycle of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06160-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:50:52Z","timestamp":1737679852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Co-culture of Helicobacter pylori with oral microorganisms in human saliva"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Konstantin Johannes","family":"Scholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabelle","family":"H\u00f6hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Wittmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"H\u00e4cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Hellwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Cieplik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Waidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6160_CR1","first-page":"1273","volume":"1","author":"JR Warren","year":"1983","unstructured":"Warren JR, Marshall B (1983) Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. 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