{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:45:23Z","timestamp":1773056723252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06307-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T02:46:22Z","timestamp":1744166782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative evaluation of efficacy of volume stable collagen matrix in interdental papilla reconstruction as compared to connective tissue graft in maxillary esthetic region: a randomized controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1688-6024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geetanjali","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9469-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishi","family":"Tanwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2659-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shikha","family":"Tewari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritika","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6307_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2001.0023","volume":"132","author":"J Morley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morley J, Eubank J (2001) Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc 132:39\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.2001.0023","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"6307_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gadi S, Subramanian S, Prakash PS et al (2022) Interdental papillary reconstruction by microtunnelling technique using autologous Biomatrices-A randomised controlled clinical trial. Med (Kaunas Lithuania) 58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58101326","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101326"},{"key":"6307_CR3","first-page":"296","volume":"10","author":"VP Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh VP, Uppoor AS, Nayak DG, Shah D (2013) Black triangle dilemma and its management in esthetic dentistry. Dent Res J 10:296\u2013301","journal-title":"Dent Res J"},{"key":"6307_CR4","first-page":"395","volume":"19","author":"MB Blatz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blatz MB, H\u00fcrzeler MB, Strub JR (1999) Reconstruction of the lost interproximal papilla\u2013presentation of surgical and nonsurgical approaches. Int J Periodontics Restor Dent 19:395\u2013406","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restor Dent"},{"key":"6307_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C77","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/9458.4881","volume":"8","author":"A Kaushik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaushik A, Pk P, Jhamb K, Chopra D et al (2014) Clinical evaluation of papilla reconstruction using subepithelial connective tissue graft. J Clin Diagn Research: JCDR 8:C77\u2013ZC81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/9458.4881","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Research: JCDR"},{"key":"6307_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_125_20","volume":"24","author":"P Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma P, Vaish S, Sharma N et al (2020) Comparative evaluation of efficacy of subepithelial connective tissue graft versus platelet-rich fibrin membrane in surgical reconstruction of interdental papillae using Han and takie technique: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Indian Soc Periodontology 24:547\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jisp.jisp_125_20","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontology"},{"key":"6307_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdj.2017.05.001","volume":"38","author":"E Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma E, Sharma A, Singh K (2017) The role of subepithelial connective tissue graft for reconstruction of interdental papilla: clinical study. Singap Dental J 38:27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sdj.2017.05.001","journal-title":"Singap Dental J"},{"key":"6307_CR8","first-page":"466","volume":"18","author":"R Azzi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Azzi R, Etienne D, Carranza F (1998) Surgical reconstruction of the interdental papilla. Int J Periodontics Restor Dent 18:466\u2013473","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restor Dent"},{"key":"6307_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han TJ, Takei HH (1996) Progress in gingival papilla reconstruction. Periodontology 2000, 11: 65\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1996.tb00184.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1996.tb00184.x"},{"key":"6307_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12937","volume":"34","author":"S Ozcan Bulut","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ozcan Bulut S, Ilhan D, Karabulut E et al (2022) Efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin and connective tissue graft in papilla reconstruction. J Esthetic Restor Dentistry: Official Publication Am Acad Esthetic Dentistry 34:1096\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jerd.12937","journal-title":"J Esthetic Restor Dentistry: Official Publication Am Acad Esthetic Dentistry"},{"key":"6307_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_812_17","volume":"9","author":"E Ahila","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahila E, Saravana Kumar R, Reddy VK et al (2018) Augmentation of interdental papilla with Platelet-rich fibrin. Contemp Clin Dent 9:213\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ccd.ccd_812_17","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Dent"},{"key":"6307_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_936_18","volume":"10","author":"D Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh D, Jhingran R, Bains VK et al (2019) Efficacy of Platelet-rich fibrin in interdental papilla reconstruction as compared to connective tissue using microsurgical approach. Contemp Clin Dent 10:643\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ccd.ccd_936_18","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Dent"},{"key":"6307_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2210-3","volume":"22","author":"N Naenni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Naenni N, Bienz SP, Benic GI et al (2018) Volumetric and linear changes at dental implants following grafting with volume-stable three-dimensional collagen matrices or autogenous connective tissue grafts: 6-month data. Clin Oral Invest 22:1185\u20131195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-017-2210-3","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"key":"6307_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.290910.x","volume":"29","author":"M Del Pizzo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Del Pizzo M, Modica F, Bethaz N et al (2002) The connective tissue graft: a comparative clinical evaluation of wound healing at the palatal donor site: A preliminary study. J Clin Periodontol 29:848\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.290910.x","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13271","volume":"47","author":"DS Thoma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thoma DS, Gasser TJW, Jung RE, H\u00e4mmerle CHF (2020) Randomized controlled clinical trial comparing implant sites augmented with a volume-stable collagen matrix or an autogenous connective tissue graft: 3-year data after insertion of reconstructions. J Clin Periodontol 47:630\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.13271","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.19-0351","volume":"91","author":"L Tavelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tavelli L, McGuire MK, Zucchelli G et al (2020) Extracellular matrix-based scaffolding technologies for periodontal and peri-implant soft tissue regeneration. J Periodontol 91:17\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.19-0351","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12588","volume":"43","author":"DS Thoma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thoma DS, Zeltner M, Hilbe M et al (2016) Randomized controlled clinical study evaluating effectiveness and safety of a volume-stable collagen matrix compared to autogenous connective tissue grafts for soft tissue augmentation at implant sites. J Clin Periodontol 43:874\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.12588","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12496","volume":"26","author":"DS Thoma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thoma DS, N\u00e4nni N, Benic GI, Weber FE et al (2015) Effect of platelet-derived growth factor-BB on tissue integration of cross-linked and non-cross-linked collagen matrices in a rat ectopic model. Clin Oral Implants Res 26:263\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/clr.12496","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"key":"6307_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e112680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112680","volume":"9","author":"H Agis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agis H, Collins A, Taut AD et al (2014) Cell population kinetics of collagen scaffolds in ex vivo oral wound repair. PLoS ONE 9:e112680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0112680","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6307_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02356.x","volume":"23","author":"DS Thoma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thoma DS, Villar CC, Cochran DL, H\u00e4mmerle CHF, Jung RE (2012) Tissue integration of collagen-based matrices: an experimental study in mice. Clin Oral Implants Res 23:1333\u20131339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02356.x","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"key":"6307_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0226","volume":"94","author":"DS Thoma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thoma DS, Gasser TJW, H\u00e4mmerle CHF, Strauss FJ, Jung RE (2023) Soft tissue augmentation with a volume-stable collagen matrix or an autogenous connective tissue graft at implant sites: Five-year results of a randomized controlled trial post implant loading. J Periodontol 94:230\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.22-0226","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.14127","volume":"34","author":"CHF H\u00e4mmerle","year":"2023","unstructured":"H\u00e4mmerle CHF, Jepsen K, Sailer I et al (2023) Efficacy of a collagen matrix for soft tissue augmentation after implant placement compared to connective tissue grafts: A multicenter, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 34:999\u20131013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/clr.14127","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"key":"6307_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12635","volume":"44","author":"DS Thoma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thoma DS, Naenni N, Benic GI, H\u00e4mmerle CHF, Jung RE (2017) Soft tissue volume augmentation at dental implant sites using a volume stable three-dimensional collagen matrix - histological outcomes of a preclinical study. J Clin Periodontol 44:185\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.12635","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12697","volume":"44","author":"M Zeltner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeltner M, Jung RE, H\u00e4mmerle CHF et al (2017) Randomized controlled clinical study comparing a volume-stable collagen matrix to autogenous connective tissue grafts for soft tissue augmentation at implant sites: linear volumetric soft tissue changes up to 3 months. J Clin Periodontol 44:446\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.12697","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.3066","volume":"36","author":"L Ferrantino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferrantino L, Bosshardt D, Nevins M, Santoro G, Simion M, Kim D (2016) Tissue integration of a Volume-Stable collagen matrix in an experimental soft tissue augmentation model. Int J Periodontics Restor Dent 36:807\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11607\/prd.3066","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restor Dent"},{"key":"6307_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.21-0131","volume":"93","author":"MK McGuire","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGuire MK, Janakievski J, Scheyer ET et al (2022) Efficacy of a harvest graft substitute for recession coverage and soft tissue volume augmentation: A randomized controlled trial. J Periodontol 93:333\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.21-0131","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013) World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA 310:2191\u20132194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6307_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c332","volume":"340","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D et al (2010) CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 340:c332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c332","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6307_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2009.00247.x","volume":"12","author":"W Becker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Becker W, Gabitov I, Stepanov M et al (2010) Minimally invasive treatment for papillae deficiencies in the esthetic zone: a pilot study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 12:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2009.00247.x","journal-title":"Clin Implant Dent Relat Res"},{"key":"6307_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.10.1124","volume":"69","author":"WP Nordland","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nordland WP, Tarnow DP (1998) A classification system for loss of papillary height. J Periodontol 69:1124\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1998.69.10.1124","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356408993968","volume":"22","author":"J Silness","year":"1964","unstructured":"Silness J, Loe H (1964) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condtion. Acta Odontol Scand 22:121\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016356408993968","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"6307_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356309011240","volume":"21","author":"H Loe","year":"1963","unstructured":"Loe H, Silness J (1963) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 21:533\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016356309011240","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"6307_CR33","first-page":"373","volume":"22","author":"CL Liu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liu CL, Weisgold AS (2002) Connective tissue graft: a classification for incision design from the palatal site and clinical case reports. Int J Periodontics Restor Dent 22:373\u2013379","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restor Dent"},{"key":"6307_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.29908","volume":"16","author":"B Savitha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Savitha B, Vandana KL (2005) Comparative assesment of gingival thickness using transgingival probing and ultrasonographic method. Indian J Dent Research: Official Publication Indian Soc Dent Res 16:135\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-9290.29908","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Research: Official Publication Indian Soc Dent Res"},{"key":"6307_CR35","first-page":"20","volume":"4","author":"UP Saxer","year":"1977","unstructured":"Saxer UP, Turconi B, Els\u00e4sser C (1977) Patient motivation with the papillary bleeding index. J Prev Dentistry 4:20\u201322","journal-title":"J Prev Dentistry"},{"key":"6307_CR36","unstructured":"Landry RG (1985) Effectiveness of Benzydamine HC1 in the Treatment of Periodontal Post-surgical Patients. Dissertation, University of Toronto"},{"key":"6307_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.38.6.560","volume":"38","author":"J Scott","year":"1979","unstructured":"Scott J, Huskisson EC (1979) Vertical or horizontal visual analogue scales. Ann Rheum Dis 38:560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.38.6.560","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"6307_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.12.995","volume":"63","author":"DP Tarnow","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tarnow DP, Magner AW, Fletcher P (1992) The effect of the distance from the contact point to the crest of bone on the presence or absence of the interproximal dental papilla. J Periodontol 63:995\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1992.63.12.995","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"6307_CR39","first-page":"49","volume":"32","author":"NC Geurs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geurs NC, Romanos AH, Vassilopoulos PJ, Reddy MS (2012) Efficacy of micronized acellular dermal graft for use in interproximal papillae regeneration. Int J Periodontics Restor Dent 32:49\u201358","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restor Dent"},{"key":"6307_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.24018\/ejdent.2021.2.5.90","volume":"2","author":"I Goyal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goyal I, Tanwar N, Tewari S et al (2021) Comparative clinical evaluation of platelet rich fibrin and subepithelial connective tissue graft in interdental papilla reconstruction: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Dent Oral Health 2:7\u201312","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Oral Health"},{"key":"6307_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3399453","volume":"13","author":"T Abirami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abirami T, Subramanian S, Prakash PSG, Victor DJ, Devapriya AM (2019) Comparison of connective tissue graft and platelet rich fibrin as matrices in A novel papillary augmentation access: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Dentistry 13:607\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-3399453","journal-title":"Eur J Dentistry"},{"key":"6307_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1991-7902(09)60015-5","volume":"4","author":"MC Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen MC, Chan CP, Tu YK et al (2009) Factors influencing the length of the interproximal dental papilla between maxillary anterior teeth. J Dent Sci 4:103\u2013109","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06307-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06307-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06307-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T17:03:07Z","timestamp":1746896587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06307-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["6307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06307-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-3771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedure performed in the present study carried out after the approval of the local Ethics Committee (PGIDS\/BHRC\/22\/28 dated 15\/06\/2022) from the Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, following the Helsinki Declaration guidelines for research involving humans.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written and verbal informed consent were obtained after explaining the procedure to each participant in their native language to ensure full understanding and willingness to participate.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"235"}}