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Periodontology specialists annotated areas of dental calculus, plaque, gingival inflammation, and gingival hyperplasia on the teeth and gingiva. The dataset was divided into training (80%), validation (10%), and test (10%) sets for model development. The YOLOv8 and hybrid U-Net\u2009+\u2009ResNet50 models were examined. Their performance was evaluated on the basis of accuracy, precision, recall, <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> score, Tversky loss, intersection over union, mean average precision, Dice coefficient, and Cohen\u2019s kappa.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The mean classification accuracy was 0.96 for the YOLOv8 model and 0.93 for the U-Net\u2009+\u2009ResNet50 model. On the basis of the Dice coefficient, the models performed best in detecting gingival hyperplasia (YOLOv8: 0.78, U-Net\u2009+\u2009ResNet50: 0.79) and worst in detecting dental calculus (YOLOv8:0.48, U-Net\u2009+\u2009ResNet50:0.53). Cohen\u2019s kappa coefficient was highest for classifying gingival hyperplasia (YOLOv8: 0.785, U-Net\u2009+\u2009ResNet50: 0.790). The precision exceeded 0.72 across all the classifications, with the greatest precision in classifying gingival inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Deep learning-based systems can serve as decision support tools by offering rapid and objective evaluations of dental calculus, plaque, gingival inflammation, and gingival hyperplasia. Nonetheless, the definitive diagnostic conclusion should be based on the clinician\u2019s specialized expertise and professional judgment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The integration of CNN-based diagnostic models into clinical workflows has the potential to facilitate early periodontal diagnosis and improve accessibility to periodontal assessments in orthodontic patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06410-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:26:48Z","timestamp":1748842008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Automated periodontal assessment in orthodontic patients: a dual CNN framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Yurdakurban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Batuhan","family":"Bay\u0131rl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmetcan","family":"Uytun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6184-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6znur","family":"Su\u00e7eken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6916-6920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onur","family":"Karasoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0964-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman","family":"\u00d6zkaraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2717-3492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00fcbra G\u00fclnur","family":"Topsakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"6410_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12040112","volume":"12","author":"I Luchian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luchian I, Surlari Z, Goriuc A et al (2024) The influence of orthodontic treatment on periodontal health between challenge and synergy: A narrative review. 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