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These exosomes function by regulating miRNA and activating essential signaling pathways, thereby facilitating periodontal\/bone regeneration, angiogenesis, and tissue repair in disorders such as periodontitis, OTM, and skeletal bony defects. Furthermore, they exhibited anti-inflammatory properties, leading to improved outcomes under inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis, IBD, and MS. Moreover, PDLSC-Exos played a role in anti-microbial and anti-cancer interventions, demonstrating their diverse applicability.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The cell-free nature of these therapeutic agents makes PDLSC-Exos a versatile and promising tool for regenerative medicine and immune system regulation. The cell-free nature of these therapeutic agents positions PDLSC-Exos as a promising and adaptable instrument for regenerative medicine and immune system modulation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>PDLSC-Exos offer a promising acellular therapy for periodontal regeneration, overcoming limitations of cell-based approaches by enhancing tissue repair, modulating inflammation, and improving clinical translation in regenerative medicine and dentistry.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06422-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T18:33:30Z","timestamp":1750876410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Mechanistic insights into periodontal ligament stem cell-derived exosomes in tissue regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Paras","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Estrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Farshidfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Miron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"6422_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.11.002","volume":"120","author":"L Bonewald","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonewald L (2019) Use it or lose it to age: A review of bone and muscle communication. 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