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While its application in oral care has garnered significant attention, evidence supporting its effectiveness against periodontal bacteria is limited. This study used a randomized double-blind protocol to assess the safety and efficacy of toothpaste containing propolis compared to a placebo in patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-two participants in SPT were randomized into two groups: toothpaste containing 2.5% ethanol-extracted propolis (EEP) and a placebo without EEP. Participants brushed twice daily for four weeks, and clinical parameters, bacterial counts, and salivary characteristics were assessed before and after the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The propolis group showed a significant reduction in periodontal pocket depth (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), with a mean depth of 3.80\u00a0mm compared to 4.35\u00a0mm in the placebo group. Bleeding on probing was significantly reduced in both groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.032 in the propolis group and 0.0498 in the placebo group), but did not differ between groups. Total bacterial and\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) counts did not differ significantly between the groups; however, the number of patients with decreased\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was slightly larger than those in the placebo group (not significant). Additionally, saliva acidity decreased significantly in the propolis group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.041), suggesting a shift toward a less pathogenic oral environment. No adverse events were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that propolis may contribute to stabilizing periodontal disease during supportive periodontal therapy by modulating salivary acidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Periodontal pocket depth and the rate of bleeding on probing are reduced, along with decreased saliva acidity. Meanwhile, the levels of\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the periodontal pockets remain low. Propolis-dentifrice may help alleviate gingival inflammation during SPT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (ID: UMIN000029554).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06456-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T09:22:44Z","timestamp":1752139364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical and microbiological effects of a propolis toothpaste in patients with periodontitis under supportive periodontal therapy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Kazu","family":"Takeuchi-Hatanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroe","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Shinoda-Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Omori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Takashiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6456_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10031-1030","volume":"3","author":"SA Ara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ara SA, Ashraf S, Arora V, Rampure P (2013) Use of apitherapy as a novel practice in the management of oral diseases: a review of literature. 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