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The systematic literature search was restricted to English-language publications using Cochrane Review, PubMed (Medline) and Ovid databases. Search strategies included combinations of free keywords, controlled vocabulary terms (Medical Subject Headings-MeSH), Boolean operators, truncations and proximity operators. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and comparative clinical trials (CCTs). Due to variability in reported outcomes, a meta-analysis was not conducted. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of 12 studies showed no significant differences in clinical outcomes between restorations with and without cavity liners. Studies directly comparing restorations with and without liners showed no statistically significant differences in key outcomes such as failure rates, postoperative hypersensitivity or secondary caries. (GRADE: low certainty) and minimizing postoperative hypersensitivity (GRADE: very low certainty). The effect of cavity lining on tooth survival (success rate: 94%-100%) and restoration longevity (failure rate: 0%-6%) was of low certainty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cavity liners, regardless of the material, do not consistently deliver superior clinical outcomes compared to no liners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this systematic review suggest that routine use of cavity liners in deep caries management may not be necessary for achieving successful restorative outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06479-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:34:26Z","timestamp":1761280466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficacy of different cavity liners compared to no cavity lining in managing deep caries in vital permanent teeth - a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1339-374X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra","family":"Kosan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2083-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniz","family":"Kosan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Sturm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falk","family":"Schwendicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1302-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6479_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13034","volume":"52","author":"WLO da Rosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"da Rosa WLO, Lima VP, Moraes RR, Piva E et al (2019) Is a calcium hydroxide liner necessary in the treatment of deep caries lesions? 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