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Complete periodontal assessment was performed including Pocket Probing Depth (PPD), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Presence of supragingival plaque (PI), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) and Recession (REC). Two sites per patient with PPD\u2009\u2265\u20096\u00a0mm or PPD of 5\u00a0mm with BOP were selected in two different quadrants as test sites. A session of full-mouth debridement was provided at baseline (T0), and patients were randomized to receive a 3-weeks treatment with lozenges containing probiotic or placebo. Periodontal parameters were taken at baseline (T0), 3 months (T2), and 6 months (T3). Microbiological samples from the test sites were taken at baseline (T0), 3 weeks (T1), 3 months (T2), and 6 months (T3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty patients completed the study. Both groups showed a significant decrease in PPD, BOP, CAL, and number\/percentage of residual pockets compared to baseline. However, no inter-group differences were noted. The test group showed a lower percentage of BOP at sites with plaque at T2 and T3. The microbiological analysis detected minimal proportion of\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the periodontal pockets. No significant inter-group differences were detected in the red complex at any observation time. The subgingival microbial dysbiosis index (SMDI) revealed a decrease in dysbiosis from T0 to T1, followed by a slight increase in dysbiosis towards T3 for both groups. However, no significant differences were noted between the groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In our cohort of patients, 3 weeks of bi-daily supplementation with lozenges containing\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      in conjunction with a session of SPT did not provide any additional reduction in PPD or number\/percentage of residual pockets and did not have a long-lasting effect on the subgingival biofilm microbial composition. However, patients receiving the probiotic had less bleeding at sites with plaque.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Whilst\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      cannot be recommended as a standard adjunctive therapy in SPT, it can be considered to reduce BOP levels in patients with poor plaque control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06508-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:01:39Z","timestamp":1756188099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical and microbiological effectiveness of limosilactobacillus reuteri in supportive periodontal therapy: randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Magda","family":"Mensi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Scotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Sordillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Garzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Calza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Buijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egija","family":"Zaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd W.","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 4S","key":"6508_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.4s.322","volume":"63","author":"SS Socransky","year":"1992","unstructured":"Socransky SS, Haffajee AD (1992) The Bacterial Etiology of Destructive Periodontal Disease: Current Concepts. 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