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All patients were treated at the Oral Medicine Department of the Dentistry Clinic, Pilsen Faculty Hospital, between 2012 and 2024. All cohorts experienced CP with a similar level of progression (moderate, with approximately 6-millimeter-deep pockets). Twelve different periodontal pathogens were identified using DNA tests (VariOr-Dento). The study focused primarily on the aggressive pathogens classified within the red and orange complexes. The status of periodontal resorption was diagnosed through orthopantomograms and clinical examinations of periodontal pockets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proportional dominance of red and orange complex periodontal pathogens in PVL was evident compared to gingival OLP and CP cases. PVL had the highest calculated risk for periodontal resorption and a greater mean number of aggressive bacteria per microliter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research underscores the significant association between aggressive red and orange complex periodontal pathogens and PVL. In our study, PVL exhibited a threefold higher number of these bacteria than controls with CP. These findings may highlight an important cofactor in the pathogenesis of PVL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06525-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T07:52:59Z","timestamp":1758613979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is associated with aggressive periodontal pathogens: a comparative study with oral lichen planus and chronic periodontitis cases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Liska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Liskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Molnarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"Topolcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Posta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Hauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"6525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2016.12.005","volume":"83","author":"DL Capella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Capella DL, Gon\u00e7alves JM, Abrantes AAA, Grando LJ, Daniel FI (2017) Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: diagnosis, management and current advances. 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Exp Ther Med 21(3):277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2021.9708","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06525-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06525-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06525-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:51:52Z","timestamp":1781610712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06525-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["6525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06525-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-3771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"It is hereby confirmed that the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Local Ethics Committee (EC) of the Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, E. Bene\u0161e 13, 30100 Plze\u0148 was informed of the plan to publish the manuscript: Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia is Associated with Aggressive Periodontal Pathogens: A Comparative Study with Oral Lichen Planus and Chronic Periodontitis cases. (authors Liska J, Liskova V, Molnarova N, et al.).The scientific project was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and EC of the Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, positive opinion date 01\/08\/2024-reference number 231\/24).Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their inclusion in the study.Written informed consent for publication of identifying information was obtained from all participants.This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}],"article-number":"470"}}