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As neutrophil-derived enzymes have been systemically associated with ECM degradation, we hypothesized that neutrophil activity would: (i) inhibit RC remineralization; and (ii) alter the caries-affected-like dentin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In vitro RC were created on human dentin specimens. Half each lesion was covered to keep the initial lesion (IL). The other half (final lesion; FL) was exposed to one of the following groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910): Control (buffer solution; C); Neutrophils (human neutrophils; N); Collagenase (positive control; Col), and then remineralized by pH-cycling and sodium fluoride. RC remineralization was calculated using rhodamine infiltration and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH). Collagen of the fully demineralized dentin was stained with picrosirius red. The physical properties of the caries-affected-like dentin were investigated by CSMH and loss of mineral density (MD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two-way ANOVA and Tukey showed only remineralization in the C group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). N did not show any remineralization (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.588) between IL and FL. The N and Col groups exhibited changes in collagen integrity and organization. The N and Col groups\u2019 caries-affected-like dentin showed significantly lower CSMH (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than the C group, and significant losses (IL-FL) of MD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042, respectively). In contrast, no MD loss was observed in the C group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.411).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neutrophil-derived enzymes compromise RC remineralization and detrimentally affect the physical properties of the caries-affected-like dentin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Identifying proteolytic sources involved with\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      ECM degradation during RC progression will pave new research directions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06567-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T05:15:39Z","timestamp":1760332539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neutrophil activity compromises root caries remineralization and alters caries-affected-like dentin"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Rinku K","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riya H","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Wazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila A","family":"Zamperini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6567_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dam\u00e9-Teixeira N, Parolo CCF, Maltz M (2017) Specificities of caries on root surface. 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