{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:47:13Z","timestamp":1792194433988,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the generation and dispersion dynamics of aerosols and droplets produced during dental procedures, including implant surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials &amp; methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dental procedures were simulated on a test model using three different instruments: an air turbine handpiece, an ultrasonic device, and an implant motor. Particle behavior was visualized using two types of illumination light sources combined with a high-speed digital camera, enabling both qualitative and quantitative assessments of aerosol and droplet dispersion. Additionally, droplet deposition on water-sensitive paper placed in three different locations was analyzed to compare dispersion patterns among the three instruments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The air turbine handpiece produced the highest luminance intensity (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: 112.3\u2009\u00b1\u20096.4 a.u.,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099), which was significantly greater than that of the implant motor (78.5\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2 a.u.,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). For all devices, droplet diffusion was lower during molar treatment than during anterior tooth procedures. Water-sensitive paper analysis revealed increased droplet deposition at the extraoral vacuum site when the vacuum was activated (air turbine: 62 droplets; ultrasonic device: 49 droplets;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093 trials each), whereas droplet counts decreased at the patient\u2019s forehead.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simulated implant surgery generated less droplet dispersion compared with other dental procedures. Furthermore, the use of an extraoral vacuum markedly reduced droplet spread during various dental treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data support layered controls\u2014judicious instrument selection and extraoral suction\u2014to reduce exposure during aerosol-generating procedures. Findings derive from a standardized simulation and should be validated in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06583-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T06:20:50Z","timestamp":1759731650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Qualitative and quantitative analysis of aerosol and droplet dispersion during simulated dental implant procedures using three types of instruments"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Morishima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomonari","family":"Kajita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Iwamatsu-Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Yashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyasu","family":"Kanetaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Egusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6583_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109819","volume":"188","author":"M Jayaweera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jayaweera M, Perera H, Gunawardana B, Manatunge J (2020) Transmission of COVID-19 virus by droplets and aerosols: a critical review on the unresolved dichotomy. Environ Res 188:109819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109819","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6583_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.20-0267","volume":"62","author":"Y Takeuchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takeuchi Y, Furuchi M, Kamimoto A, Honda K, Matsumura H, Kobayashi R (2020) Saliva-based PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection. J Oral Sci 62(3):350\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2334\/josnusd.20-0267","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6583_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0075-9","volume":"12","author":"X Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B (2020) Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci 12(1):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41368-020-0075-9","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"6583_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2016.03.020","volume":"147","author":"JL Cleveland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cleveland JL, Gray SK, Harte JA, Robison VA, Moorman AC, Gooch BF (2016) Transmission of blood-borne pathogens in US dental health care settings: 2016 update. J Am Dent Assoc 147(9):729\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adaj.2016.03.020","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"6583_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2008.12.005","volume":"71","author":"K Ishihama","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ishihama K, Koizumi H, Wada T, Iida S, Tanaka S, Yamanishi T, Enomoto A, Kogo M (2009) Evidence of aerosolised floating blood mist during oral surgery. J Hosp Infect 71(4):359\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2008.12.005","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"6583_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-021-00070-9","volume":"7","author":"IG Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson IG, Jones RJ, Gallagher JE et al (2021) Dental periodontal procedures: a systematic review of contamination (splatter, droplets and aerosol) in relation to COVID-19. BDJ Open 7:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41405-021-00070-9","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"6583_CR7","first-page":"399","volume":"42","author":"H Yamada","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yamada H, Ishihama K, Yasuda K, Hasumi-Nakayama Y, Shimoji S, Furusawa K (2011) Aerial dispersal of blood-contaminated aerosols during dental procedures. Quintessence Int 42(5):399\u2013405","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"6583_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80244","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080244","volume":"8","author":"H Nishimura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nishimura H, Sakata S, Kaga A (2013) A new methodology for studying dynamics of aerosol particles in sneeze and cough using a digital high-vision, high-speed video system and vector analyses. PLoS ONE 8(11):e80244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0080244","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"6583_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_189_20","volume":"10","author":"A Chugh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chugh A, Kaur A, Kohli A, Kumar P (2020) Oral and maxillofacial minor surgery practice post-COVID 2019 pandemic \u2013 an insight. Ann Maxillofac Surg 10(2):439\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ams.ams_189_20","journal-title":"Ann Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"21","key":"6583_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111279","volume":"18","author":"Y Takanabe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takanabe Y, Maruoka Y, Kondo J, Yagi S, Chikazu D, Okamoto R, Saitoh M (2021) Dispersion of aerosols generated during dental therapy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(21):11279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182111279","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"6583_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103556","volume":"105","author":"N Innes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Innes N, Johnson I, Al-Yaseen W, Harris R, Jones R, Kc S, Robertson M (2021) A systematic review of droplet and aerosol generation in dentistry. J Dent 105:103556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103556","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"5","key":"6583_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13500","volume":"40","author":"EL Anderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderson EL, Turnham P, Griffin JR, Clarke CC (2020) Consideration of the aerosol transmission for COVID-19 and public health. Risk Anal 40(5):902\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.13500","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"6583_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3707-y","volume":"19","author":"R Tellier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tellier R, Li Y, Cowling BJ, Tang JW (2019) Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3707-y","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"6583_CR14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance for Dental Settings: Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Dental Settings During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic (2020) [Cited 2024 Mar 10]"},{"key":"6583_CR15","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2020) Guidance for infection prevention and control in dental settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. ECDC Technical Report"},{"key":"6583_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817607","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3817607","volume":"2018","author":"Y Nishi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nishi Y, Fushimi H, Shimomura K, Hasegawa T (2018) Performance and internal flow of a dental air turbine handpiece. Int J Rotating Mach 2018:3817607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3817607","journal-title":"Int J Rotating Mach"},{"issue":"5","key":"6583_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2004.04.006","volume":"42","author":"G Eggers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eggers G, Klein J, Blank J, Hassfeld S (2004) Piezosurgery: an ultrasound device for cutting bone and its use and limitations in maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 42(5):451\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2004.04.006","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6583_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5037\/jomr.2020.11301","volume":"11","author":"T Starch-Jensen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Starch-Jensen T, Deluiz D, Deb S, Bruun NH, Tinoco EMB (2020) Harvesting of autogenous bone graft from the ascending mandibular ramus compared with the chin region: a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on complications and donor site morbidity. J Oral Maxillofac Res 11(3):e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5037\/jomr.2020.11301","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6583_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2020.1839673","volume":"79","author":"LP Samaranayake","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samaranayake LP, Fakhruddin KS, Buranawat B, Panduwawala C (2021) The efficacy of bio-aerosol reducing procedures used in dentistry: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 79(1):69\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016357.2020.1839673","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"6583_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.5834\/jdh.51.5_828","volume":"51","author":"T Ohashi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ohashi T, Ishizu E, Ozawa K, Kume M, Tokutake H, Kani T (2001) The effect of the position of the extra-oral vacuum aspirator on the concentration of decreasing dust during tooth grinding. Jpn J Oral Hyg 51(5):828\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5834\/jdh.51.5_828","journal-title":"Jpn J Oral Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6583_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2186\/jpr.JPR_D_23_00013","volume":"68","author":"J Watanabe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Watanabe J, Iwamatsu-Kobayashi Y, Kikuchi K, Kajita T, Morishima H, Yamauchi K, Yashiro W, Nishimura H, Kanetaka H, Egusa H (2024) Visualization of droplets and aerosols in simulated dental treatments to clarify the effectiveness of oral suction devices. J Prosthodont Res 68(1):85\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2186\/jpr.JPR_D_23_00013","journal-title":"J Prosthodont Res"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06583-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06583-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06583-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:48:15Z","timestamp":1763542095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06583-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["6583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06583-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-3771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"489"}}