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This study compared PNAM therapy with conventional palatal plates across cleft types, focusing on nasal morphology.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Seventy-two patients with non-syndromic unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) were followed from birth to two years. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the perinasal area were obtained via cast-based scans or 3D photographs; right-sided UCLP cases were mirrored to the left. Two independent reviewers analyzed anatomical landmarks with excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.88). Initial and two-year measurements were compared between PNAM (NAM group) and conventional treatment (non-NAM group).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of the 72 patients, 46 had UCLP and 26 BCLP. In BCLP, NAM therapy promoted greater columella elongation from 2.1\u00a0mm at T<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> to 5.2\u00a0mm at T<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> compared to a change from 2.4\u00a0mm to 3.5\u00a0mm in the non-NAM group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.300). In UCLP, NAM was also associated with increases in columella (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.387) and improved columella deviation angles, from a median of 48.1\u00b0 at T<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> to 85.6\u00b0 at T<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, while non-NAM showed a modest increase from 70.6\u00b0 to 79.1\u00b0, (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.167) Significant reductions were observed cleft-side nostril length (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027) and width (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study, using 3D imaging, demonstrates the clinically relevant capability of PNAM to improve nasal morphology compared to conventional treatment, potentially enhancing primary cheiloplasty outcomes. The longitudinal design three-dimensionally tracks preoperative and postoperative changes over two years, with further investigation needed for long-term stability.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06589-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T06:11:34Z","timestamp":1759471894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Three-dimensional longitudinal assessment of nasal development with and without Nasoalveolar molding therapy in cleft lip and palate patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Lucas M.","family":"Ritschl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Narbekovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denys J.","family":"Loeffelbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Grabenhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Krautkremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Grandoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Kram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus-Dietrich","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian D.","family":"Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"6589_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000337464","volume":"16","author":"PA Mossey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mossey PA, Modell B (2012) Epidemiology of oral clefts 2012: an international perspective. 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