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Clinical parameters\u2014bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival recession (REC), full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), and Turesky Index\u2014were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 months, and 6 months. aMMP-8 levels and patient-reported outcomes were also recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in BoP, PD, and CAL (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but no significant intergroup differences were observed. BoP reduction at 2 weeks favored the test group (\u2212\u200933.60% vs\u2009\u2212\u200923.94%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.056). BoP continued to decrease at 4 and 6 months, reaching 29.55\u2009\u00b1\u200919.86% in the control group and 27.57\u2009\u00b1\u200916.43% in the test group at 6 months. The difference in mean BoP between the two groups at 6 months was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.680, Independent Samples Mann Whitney U Test). Plaque indices and aMMP-8 levels showed no significant differences. Compliance to dual-light aPDT averaged 77.7%; 72% of test participants were compliant. Greater compliance correlated with statistically significant improvements in mean values of all clinical parameters, whereas non-compliant patients presented with no changes (Related samples Friedman\u2019s Two-Way Analysis). Patient-centered outcomes revealed positive feedback, with 84% of the patients willing to recommend the device and minor adverse effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In smokers with advanced periodontitis, adjunctive home use of dual-light aPDT did not result in statistically significant improvements over NSPT alone in clinical parameters such as BoP, PD, or CAL. Future placebo-controlled, long-term clinical trials are warranted to further assess its potential role in supportive periodontal care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the limitations of this study, dual-light aPDT cannot be recommended as a superior adjunct to conventional treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05962801.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06600-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T07:54:04Z","timestamp":1762415644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Regular home use of dual-light photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment in smokers: a single-center randomized controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Chrysoula","family":"Vakaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Fragkioudakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommi","family":"P\u00e4til\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Sakellari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-004-0043-4","volume":"92","author":"J Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m J (2004) Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease. 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