{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:51:28Z","timestamp":1763542288862,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00211180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00211180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Light-curable fluoride varnishes (LCFVs) have demonstrated enhanced long-term protection of the enamel compared to conventional fluoride varnishes. Strontium-containing phosphate-based glass (Sr-PBG) exhibits antibacterial activity and promotes remineralization through sustained release of calcium, phosphate, and strontium ions. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy and physicochemical properties of LCFVs containing various concentrations of Sr-PBG.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Experimental LCFVs were formulated by incorporating Sr-PBG powder at concentrations of 0 (control), 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 wt%. Antibacterial effects were assessed by colony-forming units (CFU) of\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n (\n S. mutans)<\/jats:italic>\n after 24 and 48\u00a0h of incubation, and bacterial adhesion was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical properties, including the degree of conversion, film thickness, contact angle, SEM, and ion release, were evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey\u2019s post-hoc tests (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n All Sr-PBG groups exhibited significantly reduced\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n CFU compared to the control (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05), with antibacterial effects enhanced by longer incubation. Sr-PBG incorporation did not significantly alter the degree of conversion or film thickness (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05). The contact angle significantly decreased only for 5.0 wt% Sr-PBG (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). SEM analysis showed slight particle agglomeration at higher Sr-PBG concentrations, whereas the ion release of Sr and P significantly increased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Incorporating\u2009\u2265\u20091.0 wt% Sr-PBG into LCFVs significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n without compromising physicochemical properties.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n Sr-PBG-containing LCFVs may offer improved clinical efficacy for caries prevention compared with conventional fluoride varnishes, providing enhanced antibacterial performance and promoting an environment favorable for remineralization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06612-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T08:19:23Z","timestamp":1760948363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial activity and physicochemical properties of light-curable fluoride varnishes containing strontium phosphate-based glass"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Na-Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi-Sol","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo-Yeon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-Been","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myung-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song-Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"6612_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198433","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2023.2198433","volume":"15","author":"AA Ribeiro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ribeiro AA, Paster BJ (2023) Dental caries and their microbiomes in children: what do we do now? J Oral Microbiol 15:2198433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20002297.2023.2198433","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"6612_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e030","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0030","volume":"35","author":"VRD Santos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santos VRD, Valdez RMA, Danelon M, Souza JAS, Caiaffa KS, Delbem ACB, Duque C (2021) Effect of S. mutans combinations with bifidobacteria\/lactobacilli on biofilm and enamel demineralization. Braz Oral Res 35:e030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0030","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"6612_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.12.005","volume":"42","author":"NR Mohammed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammed NR, Lynch RJ, Anderson P (2014) Effects of fluoride concentration on enamel demineralization kinetics in vitro. J Dent 42:613\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.12.005","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"6612_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9060064","volume":"9","author":"A Baik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baik A, Alamoudi N, El-Housseiny A, Altuwirqi A (2021) Fluoride varnishes for preventing occlusal caries: A review. Dent J (Basel) 9:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj9060064","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"6612_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02271-6","volume":"22","author":"DI El-Desouky","year":"2022","unstructured":"El-Desouky DI, Hanno A, Elhamouly Y, Hamza SA, El-Desouky LM, Dowidar KML (2022) Preventive potential of nano silver fluoride versus sodium fluoride varnish on enamel caries like lesions in primary teeth: in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 22:244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-022-02271-6","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6612_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03045-4","volume":"23","author":"P Sirivichayakul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sirivichayakul P, Jirarattanasopha V, Phonghanyudh A, Tunlayadechanont P, Khumsub P, Duangthip D (2023) The effectiveness of topical fluoride agents on preventing development of approximal caries in primary teeth: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 23:349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03045-4","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6612_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.05.022","volume":"148","author":"A Mehta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mehta A, Paramshivam G, Chugh VK, Singh S, Halkai S, Kumar S (2015) Effect of light-curable fluoride varnish on enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets: an in-vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 148:814\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.05.022","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"6612_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56131-5","volume":"9","author":"D Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim D, Lee MJ, Kim JY, Lee D, Kwon JS, Choi SH (2019) Incorporation of zwitterionic materials into light-curable fluoride varnish for biofilm Inhibition and caries prevention. Sci Rep 9:19550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-56131-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6612_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133745","volume":"14","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Mo SY, Kim DS (2021) Effect of bioactive glass-containing light-curing varnish on enamel remineralization. Materials 14:3745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14133745","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"6612_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44490-z","volume":"13","author":"HB Go","year":"2023","unstructured":"Go HB, Lee MJ, Seo JY, Byun SY, Kwon JS (2023) Mechanical properties and sustainable bacterial resistance effect of strontium-modified phosphate-based glass microfiller in dental composite resins. Sci Rep 13:17763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-44490-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6612_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6875","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.23.6875-6884.2001","volume":"23","author":"YH Li","year":"2001","unstructured":"Li YH, Hanna MN, Svensater G, Ellen RP, Cvitkovitch (2001) Cell density modulates acid adaptation in Streptococcus mutans: implications for survival in biofilms. J Bacteriol 23:6875\u20136884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.183.23.6875-6884.2001","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"6612_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15120380","volume":"15","author":"R Iwawaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iwawaki R, Horie T, Alhotan A, Nagatsuka Y, Sakuma K, Yoshihara K, Tsujimoto A (2024) Effect of fluoride varnishes on demineralization and acid resistance in subsurface demineralized lesion models. J Funct Biomater 15:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb15120380","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"6612_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2014.03.009","volume":"42","author":"NP Chau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chau NP, Pandit S, Jung JE, Jeon JG (2014) Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans adhesion to fluoride varnishes and subsequent change in biofilm accumulation and acidogenicity. J Dent 42:726\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2014.03.009","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"6612_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_67_18","volume":"8","author":"K Jafari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jafari K, Hekmatfar S, Fereydunzadeh M (2018) In vitro comparison of antimicrobial activity of conventional fluoride varnishes containing xylitol and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 8:309\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_67_18","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"6612_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04547-5","volume":"24","author":"EJ Jang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jang EJ, Hong YJ, Jeong YH, Kim KE, Jo ES, Lee MJ, Yang SY (2024) In vitro antifungal and physicochemical properties of polymerized acrylic resin containing strontium-modified phosphate-based glass. BMC Oral Health 24:775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04547-5","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6612_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3637","volume":"9","author":"AP Erdem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erdem AP, Sepet E, Kulekci G, Trosola SC, Guven Y (2012) Effects of two fluoride varnishes and one fluoride\/chlorhexidine varnish on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus biofilm formation in vitro. Int J Med Sci 9:129\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.3637","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"6612_CR17","first-page":"86","volume":"7","author":"MR Galv\u00e3o","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galv\u00e3o MR, Caldas SG, Bagnato VS, de Souza Rastelli AN, de Andrade MF (2013) Evaluation of degree of conversion and hardness of dental composites photoactivated with different light guide tips. Eur J Dent 7:86\u201393","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"6612_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2019-353","volume":"40","author":"SZ Aung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aung SZ, Takagaki T, Ikeda M, Nozaki K, Burrow MF, Abdou A, Nikaido T, Tagami J (2021) The effect of different light curing units on Vickers microhardness and degree of conversion of flowable resin composites. Dent Mater J 40:44\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4012\/dmj.2019-353","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"key":"6612_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38255-2","volume":"9","author":"JS Kwon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwon JS, Lee MJ, Kim JY, Kim D, Ryu JH, Jang S, Kim KM, Hwang CJ, Choi SH (2019) Novel anti-biofouling light-curable fluoride varnish containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine to prevent enamel demineralization. Sci Rep 9:1432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-38255-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6612_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2778","volume":"17","author":"V Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh V, Naik S, Vashisth P, Sharma S, Chandak A, Murry JN (2024) Comparative evaluation of longevity of fluoride release from three different fluoride varnishes: an observational study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 17:341\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2778","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"6612_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1159\/000066539","volume":"36","author":"D Steinberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steinberg D, Rozen R, Klausner E, Zachs B, Friedman M (2002) Formulation, development, and characterization of sustained release varnishes containing amine and stannous fluorides. Caries Res 36:411\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000066539","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Medeiros MI, Carlo HL, Lacerda-Santos R, Lima BA, Souza FB, Rodrigues JA, Carvalho FG (2016) Thickness and nanomechanical properties of protective layer formed by TiF\u2084 varnish on enamel after erosion. Braz Oral Res 30:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2016.vol30.0075","key":"6612_CR22","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2016.vol30.0075"},{"key":"6612_CR23","volume-title":"ISO 4049: Dentistry\u2013polymer-based restorative materials","author":"I Standardization","year":"2019","unstructured":"Standardization I (2019) ISO 4049: Dentistry\u2013polymer-based restorative materials. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva"},{"key":"6612_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.15644\/asc55\/3\/3","volume":"55","author":"A Theocharidou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Theocharidou A, Tzimas K, Tolidis K, Tortopidis D (2021) Evaluation of elastomeric impression materials\u2019 hydrophilicity: an in vitro study. Acta Stomatol Croat 55:256\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15644\/asc55\/3\/3","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol Croat"},{"key":"6612_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/s0109-5641(01)00014-8","volume":"17","author":"JI Rosales-Leal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rosales-Leal JI, Osorio R, Holgado-Terriza JA, Cabrerizo-V\u00edlchez MA, Toledano M (2001) Dentin wetting by four adhesive systems. Dent Mater 17:526\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0109-5641(01)00014-8","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"6612_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/s0109-5641(97)80038-3","volume":"13","author":"CM Bollen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bollen CM, Lambrechts P, Quirynen M (1997) Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: A review of the literature. Dent Mater 13:258\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0109-5641(97)80038-3","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"6612_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.1990.tb01077.x","volume":"17","author":"M Quirynen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Quirynen M, Marechal M, Busscher HJ, Weerkamp AH, Darius PL, van Steenberghe D (1990) Influence of surface free energy and surface roughness on early plaque formation: an in vivo study in man. J Clin Periodontol 17:138\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-051x.1990.tb01077.x","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"6612_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics12100258","volume":"12","author":"\u00c7K Yaman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yaman \u00c7K, Demir N, Arslan U, \u00c7ift\u00e7i N (2024) Antimicrobial, optical, and mechanical properties of saliva-contaminated silver\u2013zeolite nanoparticle-incorporated dental acrylic resins. Inorganics 12:258","journal-title":"Inorganics"},{"key":"6612_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4103\/JCD.JCD_162_20","volume":"23","author":"R Rajendran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajendran R, Nair KR, Sandhya R, Ashik PM, Veedu RP, Saleem S (2020) Evaluation of remineralization potential and cytotoxicity of a novel strontium-doped nanohydroxyapatite paste: an in vitro study. J Unk Dent 23:330\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JCD.JCD_162_20","journal-title":"J Unk Dent"},{"key":"6612_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12110339","volume":"12","author":"J Enax","year":"2024","unstructured":"Enax J, Fandrich P, Schulze Zur Wiesche E, Epple M (2024) The remineralization of enamel from saliva: A chemical perspective. Dent J (Basel) 12:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj12110339","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"6612_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0387","volume":"9","author":"YC Fredholm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fredholm YC, Karpukhina N, Brauer DS, Jones JR, Law RV, Hill RG (2012) Influence of strontium for calcium substitution in bioactive glasses on degradation, ion release and apatite formation. J R Soc Interface 9:880\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2011.0387","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"6612_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2018.43.e26","volume":"43","author":"M Ghavami-Lahiji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghavami-Lahiji M, Firouzmanesh M, Bagheri H, Jafarzadeh Kashi TS, Razazpour F, Behroozibakhsh M (2018) The effect of thermocycling on the degree of conversion and mechanical properties of a microhybrid dental resin composite. Restor Dent Endod 43:e26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5395\/rde.2018.43.e26","journal-title":"Restor Dent Endod"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06612-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06612-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06612-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:48:24Z","timestamp":1763542104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06612-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["6612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06612-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1436-3771"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval\u00a0and informed consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"519"}}