{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:03:08Z","timestamp":1790596988197,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"October University for Modern Sciences and Arts"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dental clinics can harbor and transmit Methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) which is a challenging antibiotic-resistant pathogen with global health implications. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence, resistance patterns and biofilm formation by\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from dental patients and dental health care workers (DHCWs) .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two hundred nasal swab specimens were collected aseptically from 120 dental patients and 80 DHCWs across Egypt including Cairo, Giza, and Upper Egypt over a 12 \u2013month period. The study incorporated a comprehensive analysis to identify MRSA isolates using disk diffusion test with cefoxitin, to confirm MRSA isolates by molecular detection of the\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene and the prevalence intercellular adhesion gene A and D (\n                      <jats:italic>icaA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>icaD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) using Polymerase chain reaction assays, to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and to detect the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the biofilm formation using Congo red agar plates and microtiter plate method respectively. Statistical package for social science was used for data analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results were interpreted following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2023 guidelines.\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was identified in 47.1% of the collected\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species with 66.6% of these\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates carried\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes and identified as MRSA. The identification rate of\n                      <jats:italic>icaA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>icaD<\/jats:italic>\n                      in MRSA isolates was significant compared to Methicillin-Sensitive\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MSSA) isolates, with detection rates of 88.6% and 40.9% respectively. Regarding antimicrobial resistance patterns, all isolates were resistant to Penicillin (100%) with notable resistance to other antibiotics including Clindamycin (60.6%), Erythromycin (42.4%), and Gentamicin (24.2%). Biofilm formation ability was detected in 72.7% of the MRSA isolates with high incidence of strong and moderate biofilm formation in 93.1% of these isolates compared to MSSA isolates (50%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high MRSA colonization rates among DHCWs and patients, along with significant antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming abilities, highlight the urgent need for regular screening and enhanced infection control measures in dental healthcare settings. Future research should aim to expand sampling and clarify more site selection criteria to better inform infection control strategies and improve generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the persistent threat of MRSA in dental settings, the implementation of rigorous infection control protocols and comprehensive antibiotic stewardship strategies is imperative to mitigate transmission risks and enhance patient safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06684-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T09:45:59Z","timestamp":1767433559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Detection of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and biofilm formation among dental patients and dental health care workers: cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Manal M.","family":"Darwish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashwa Naguib","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Farouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawther","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4549-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamiaa M.","family":"EL-Moussely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6684_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.33","volume":"4","author":"AS Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee AS, de Lencastre H, Garau J, Kluytmans J, Malhotra-Kumar S, Peschel A, Harbarth S (2018) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4(1):18033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2018.33","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"6684_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3245324","volume":"2018","author":"G Oteri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oteri G, Panzarella V, Marciano A, Di Fede O, Maniscalco L, Peditto M, Campisi G (2018) Appropriateness in dentistry: a survey discovers improper procedures in oral medicine and surgery. Int J Dent 2018:3245324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3245324","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"6684_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhattacharya S, Bir R, Majumdar T (2015) Evaluation of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their Association with Biofilm Production in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Tripura, Northeast India. J Clin Diagn Res. 9(9): DC01-4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2015\/13965.6417. Epub 2015 Sep 1. PMID: 26500902; PMCID: PMC4606231","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2015\/13965.6417"},{"issue":"9538","key":"6684_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68853-3","volume":"368","author":"H Grundmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grundmann H, Aires-de-Sousa M, Boyce J, Tiemersma E (2006) Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat. Lancet 368(9538):874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68853-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6684_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7641","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S428103","volume":"14","author":"AA Abebe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abebe AA, Birhanu AG (2023) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance development and novel strategies to combat. Infect Drug Resist 14:16:7641\u20137662 PMID: 38111667; PMCID: PMC10726795","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"3","key":"6684_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","volume":"18","author":"E Tacconelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, Pulcini C, Kahlmeter G, Kluytmans J, Carmeli Y, Ouellette M, Outterson K, Patel J, Cavaleri M, Cox EM, Houchens CR, Grayson ML, Hansen P, Singh N, Theuretzbacher U, Magrini N, WHO Pathogens Priority List Working Group (2018) Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 18(3):318\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3 . Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 29276051","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"6684_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0551-1","volume":"8","author":"DP Kateete","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kateete DP, Bwanga F, Seni J et al (2019) CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA coexist in community and hospital settings in Uganda. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 8:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-019-0551-1","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"6684_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30570-5","volume":"20","author":"RL Mork","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mork RL, Hogan PG, Muenks CE, Boyle MG, Thompson RM, Sullivan ML, Morelli JJ, Seigel J, Orscheln RC, Bubeck Wardenburg J, Gehlert SJ, Burnham CD, Rzhetsky A, Fritz SA (2020) Longitudinal, strain specific Staphylococcus aureus introduction and transmission events in a prospective cohort study of households with community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus skin and soft tissue infection. Lancet Infect Dis 20:188\u2013198 PMCID: PMC6995751","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"6684_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30413-3","volume":"17","author":"JR Price","year":"2017","unstructured":"Price JR, Cole K, Bexley A, Kostiou V, Eyre DW, Golubchik T, Wilson DJ, Crook DW, Walker AS, Peto TEA, Llewelyn MJ, Paul J, Modernising Medical Microbiology informatics group (2017) Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between health-care workers, the environment, and patients in an intensive care unit: a longitudinal cohort study based on whole-genome sequencing. Lancet Infect Dis 17(2):207\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30413-3Epub 2016 Nov 16. PMID: 27863959; PMCID: PMC5266793","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"6684_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laheij AM, Kistler JO, Belibasakis GN, V\u00e4limaa H, de Soet JJ, European Oral Microbiology Workshop (EOMW) (2011) (2012) Healthcare-associated viral and bacterial infections in dentistry. J Oral Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/jom.v4i0.17659. Epub 2012 Jun 12. PMID: 22701774; PMCID: PMC3375115","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v4i0.17659"},{"issue":"2","key":"6684_CR11","first-page":"532","volume":"4","author":"B Sasirekha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sasirekha B, Usha MS, Amruta AJ, Ankit S, Brinda N, Divya R (2012) Evaluation and comparison of different phenotypic tests to detect methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their biofilm production. Int J Pharm Tech Res 4(2):532\u2013541.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Tech Res"},{"issue":"5418","key":"6684_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","volume":"284","author":"JW Costerton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP (1999) Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284(5418):1318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"6684_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.01.005","volume":"85","author":"YS Seo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seo YS, Lee DY, Rayamahji N, Kang ML, Yoo HS (2008) Biofilm-forming associated genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from animals and air. Res Vet Sci. 2008;85(3):433\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.01.005. Epub PMID: 18342346","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"6684_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00395-13","volume":"79","author":"DE Moormeier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moormeier DE, Endres JL, Mann EE, Sadykov MR, Horswill AR, Rice KC, Fey PD, Bayles KW (2013) Use of microfluidic technology to analyze gene expression during Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation reveals distinct physiological niches. Appl Environ Microbiol 79(11):3413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00395-13","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6684_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-838246120131234","volume":"46","author":"B Mirzaei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mirzaei B, Babaei R, Asiabar AP, Bameri Z (2015) Detection of both vanA & vanB genes in vanA phenotypes of Enterococci by Taq Man RT-PCR. Braz J Microbiol 46(1):161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1517-838246120131234","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"6684_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00007","volume":"10","author":"CR Arciola","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arciola CR, Campoccia D, Ravaioli S, Montanaro L (2015) Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in biofilm: structural and regulatory aspects. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:5:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00007. PMID: 25713785; PMCID: PMC4322838","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6684_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.12.007","volume":"86","author":"FJ Mart\u00ednez-Ru\u00edz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Ru\u00edz FJ, Carrillo-Esp\u00edndola TY, Bustos-Mart\u00ednez J, Hamdan-Partida A, S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez L, Acosta-G\u00edo AE (2014) Higher prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among dental students. J Hosp Infect 86(3):216\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.12.007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"6684_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.03.006","volume":"26","author":"A Faden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faden A (2019) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening of hospital dental clinic surfaces. Saudi J Biol Sci 26(7):1795\u20131798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.03.006. Epub 2018 Mar 10. PMID: 31762660; PMCID: PMC6864161","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6684_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07713-8","volume":"7","author":"AS Khairalla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khairalla AS, Wasfi R, Ashour HM (2017) Carriage frequency, phenotypic, and genotypic characteristics of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dental health-care personnel, patients, and environment. Sci Rep 7(1):7390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-07713-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"6684_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1086\/666639","volume":"33","author":"A Matheson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matheson A, Christie P, Stari T, Kavanagh K, Gould IM, Masterton R, Reilly JS (2012) Nasal swab screening for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus\u2013how well does it perform? A cross-sectional study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 33(8):803\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/666639","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"6684_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neun BW, Cedrone E, Potter TM et al (2020) Detection of Bacterial Contamination using Tryptic Soy Agar Plates and RPMI Suspension Tests for the Purposes of Determining Bacterial ID: Version 2. In: National Cancer Institute\u2019s Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory Assay Cascade Protocols [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2005 May 1-. NCL Method STE-2.4. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK604920\/?utm_source=chatgpt.comhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.17917\/86Y9-3Y16","DOI":"10.17917\/86Y9-3Y16"},{"key":"6684_CR22","unstructured":"CLSI M100 (2023) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 33rd Edition. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute"},{"issue":"5","key":"6684_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf021","volume":"49","author":"J Merlino","year":"2002","unstructured":"Merlino J, Watson J, Rose B, Beard-Pegler M, Gottlieb T, Bradbury R, Harbour C (2002) Detection, and expression of meticillin\/oxacillin resistance in multidrug-resistant and non-multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Central Sydney, Australia. J Antimicrob Chemother 49(5):793\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkf021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"6684_CR24","first-page":"129","volume":"29","author":"K Harika","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harika K, Shenoy VP, Narasimhaswamy N, Chawla K (2020) Detection of biofilm production and its impact on antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates from chronic wound infections. J Glob Infect Dis 29(3):129\u2013134 PMID: 33343163; PMCID: PMC7733422","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"6684_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.11.010","volume":"72","author":"E Peeters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peeters E, Nelis HJ, Coenye T (2008) Comparison of multiple methods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in microtiter plates. J Microbiol Methods 72(2):157\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.11.010","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"6684_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.01.004","volume":"10","author":"E Torlak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torlak E, Korkut E, Uncu AT, \u015eener Y (2017) Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a dental clinic in Konya. Turkey. J Infect Public Health 10:809\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.01.004","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"6684_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-4885-9","volume":"13","author":"M Omidi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Omidi M, Firoozeh F, Saffari M, Sedaghat H, Zibaei M, Khaledi A (2020) Ability of biofilm production and molecular analysis of spa and Ica genes among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Res Notes 13:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-020-4885-9.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"6684_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01301","volume":"7","author":"A Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh A, Walker M, Rousseau J, Weese JS (2016) Characterization of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bovine mastitis. Front Microbiol 7:1301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01301","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6684_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5427-5433.1999","volume":"67","author":"SE Cramton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cramton SE, Gerke C, Schnell NF, Nichols WW, G\u00f6tz F (1999) The intercellular adhesion (ica) locus is present in Staphylococcus aureus and is required for biofilm formation. Infect Immun 67(10):5427\u20135433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5427-5433.1999. PMID: 10496925; PMCID: PMC96900 https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/MED\/10496925","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"6684_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuab041","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab041","volume":"46","author":"EJM Raineri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raineri EJM, Altulea D, van Dijl JM (2022) Staphylococcal trafficking and infection \u2014 from nose to gut and back. FEMS Microbiol Rev 46(1):fuab041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuab041","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"6684_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29877-2","volume":"13","author":"M Maree","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maree M, Okumura CYM, Kuroda M, Morikawa K, Wada A et al (2022) Natural transformation allows transfer of SCCmec from methicillin-resistant Staphylococci to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus under biofilm growth conditions. Nat Commun 13:5071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-29877-2","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"6684_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586422","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1586422","volume":"11","author":"I Olsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olsen I, Yamazaki K (2019) Can oral bacteria affect the Microbiome of the gut? J Oral Microbiol 11(1):1586422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20002297.2019.1586422Available via PMC 6427756","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6684_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1086\/592983","volume":"30","author":"LB Johnson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson LB, Jose J, Yousif F, Pawlak J, Saravolatz LD (2009) Prevalence of colonization with community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among end-stage renal disease patients and healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 30(1):4\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/592983","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6684_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2020.94837","volume":"37","author":"A Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska A, Tymczyna L, Wlaz\u0142o \u0141, Nowakowicz-D\u0119bek B, Trawi\u0144ska B (2020) Staphylococcus aureus carriage state in healthy adult population and phenotypic and genotypic properties of isolated strains. Adv Dermatol Allergol 37(2):184\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/ada.2020.94837","journal-title":"Adv Dermatol Allergol"},{"issue":"12 cz 1","key":"6684_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202012101","volume":"73","author":"AG Salmanov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salmanov AG, Bondar TP, Shkorbotun YV, Chumak EA, Shkorbotun VO, Dementieva OV, Pererva VV. P (2020) Prevalence of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers in the departments of otorinolaryngology and dentistry in kyiv, Ukraine. Wiad Lek 73(12 cz 1):2563\u20132567 PMID: 33577468. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33577468\/","journal-title":"Wiad Lek"},{"issue":"6","key":"6684_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151524","volume":"311","author":"N Lerche","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lerche N, Holtfreter S, Walther B, Semmler T, Al\u2019Sholui F, Dancer SJ, Daeschlein G, H\u00fcbner NO, Br\u00f6ker BM, Papke R, Kohlmann T, Baguhl R, Seifert U, Kramer A (2021) Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among dental health care workers in Northern Germany (StaphDent study). Int J Med Microbiol 311(6):151524 Epub 2021 Jul 17. PMID: 34371345. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34371345\/","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6684_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.07.013","volume":"28","author":"A Doudoulakakis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doudoulakakis A, Spiliopoulou I, Giormezis N, Syridou G, Nika A, Bozavoutoglou E, Militsopoulou M, Kalogeras G, Tsolia M, Lebessi E (2022) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and hospital-acquired bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit in Greece. J Infect Chemother 28(2):176\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.07.013","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"6684_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.14.1.07","volume":"14","author":"MM Aljeldah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aljeldah MM (2020) Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Saudi arabia: asystematic review. J Pure Appl Microbiol 14(1):37\u201346 | Article Number: 6109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22207\/JPAM.14.1.07","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6684_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51429\/EJMM29401","volume":"29","author":"M Taha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taha M, Younis E, Hegazy E (2020) Nasal carriage rate and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among health care workers in Tanta university hospital. Egypt J Med Microbiol 29(4):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51429\/EJMM29401","journal-title":"Egypt J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6684_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2016.12.007","volume":"49","author":"CA Boncompain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boncompain CA, Su\u00e1rez CA, Morbidoni HR (2017) Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in health care workers: first report from a major public hospital in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 49(2):125\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ram.2016.12.007","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6684_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5514","volume":"8","author":"S Ohadian Moghadam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ohadian Moghadam S, Pourmand MR, Aminharati F (2014) Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from burn patients, Iran. J Infect Dev Ctries 8(12):1511\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.5514","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"5","key":"6684_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.241","volume":"3","author":"GF Gad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gad GF, El-Feky MA, El-Rehewy MS, Hassan MA, Abolella H, El-Baky RM (2009) Detection of icaA, icaD genes and biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from urinary tract catheterized patients. J Infect Dev Ctries 3(5):342\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.241","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06684-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06684-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06684-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:03:59Z","timestamp":1781625839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06684-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06684-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-3771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Faculty of Pharmacy at MSA University (Approval number: M1\/Ec1\/2023PD).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that all participants provided informed consent for publication of any generated data from the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36"}}