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Caries-affected dentin discs (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200956) were produced using a microcosm biofilm model and mounted in artificial pulp chambers with MDPC-23 cells seeded on the pulp side. Occlusal surfaces (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098) were etched with 35% phosphoric acid, rinsed, and blot-dried, followed by application of ultrapure water (negative control, NC), 20% ethanol (solvent control, SC), flavonoid primers, or 29% hydrogen peroxide (positive control, PC). After 24\u00a0h, cell viability and morphology (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) were evaluated. Extracts obtained by transdentinal diffusion were applied to DPSC and MDPC-23 cells for up to 7 days to assess cell viability and mineralization, and to macrophages (RAW 264.7) for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Sidak\u2019s test (\u03b1\u2009=\u20095%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None of the flavonoid primers reduced MDPC-23 viability, while PC and phosphoric acid showed significant differences from NC. SEM images revealed altered cell morphology in acid-etched groups. After 7 days, primers slightly increased DPSC viability, maintained MDPC-23 viability, promoted mineralization, and reduced ROS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Flavonoid-based primers applied to caries-affected dentin were non-cytotoxic, stimulated mineralization in pulp cells, and lowered oxidative stress in macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Flavonoid primers could support pulp health during dentin pretreatment, providing a conservative strategy for managing caries-affected dentin and reducing the risk of pulp irritation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06693-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T03:45:25Z","timestamp":1765165525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transdentinal effects of flavonoid-based primers applied to caries-affected dentin on pulp cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Beatriz Ometto","family":"Sahadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor Paulino","family":"Mendes Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Gifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Anselmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josimeri","family":"Hebling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco C.","family":"Bottino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6693_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12309","volume":"60","author":"R Pinna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinna R, Maioli M, Eramo S, Mura I, Milia E (2015) Carious affected dentine: its behaviour in adhesive bonding. 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