{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:27:43Z","timestamp":1789730863215,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Oral Invest"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06725-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T03:27:40Z","timestamp":1766719660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bioactive inorganic materials in dental resin infiltrants: a systematic and critical review of their effects on infiltrant properties and tooth surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Abdullah Essa","family":"Aldarisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourah Barrak","family":"Alsudairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen Saleh","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raand Abdulmohsen","family":"Altayyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakil","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danish","family":"Muzaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Samad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6725_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127114","volume":"19","author":"M Yousaf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yousaf M, Aslam T, Saeed S et al (2022) Individual, family, and socioeconomic contributors to dental caries in children from low- and middle-income countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:7114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19127114","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"6725_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2024.04.011","volume":"36","author":"S Qadir Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qadir Khan S, Alzayer HA, Alameer ST et al (2024) SEQUEL: Prevalence of dental caries in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Dent J 36:963\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sdentj.2024.04.011","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"6725_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2016.10.003","volume":"17","author":"ABP Paula","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paula ABP, Fernandes AR, Coelho AS et al (2017) Therapies for white spot lesions\u2014a systematic review. J Evid Based Dent Pract 17:23\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jebdp.2016.10.003","journal-title":"J Evid Based Dent Pract"},{"key":"6725_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11091636","volume":"11","author":"AS Bakry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bakry AS, Abbassy MA, Alharkan HF et al (2018) A novel fluoride containing bioactive glass paste is capable of re-mineralizing early caries lesions. Materials 11:1636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma11091636","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"6725_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03076-x","volume":"23","author":"Z Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie Z, Yu L, Li S et al (2023) Comparison of therapies of white spot lesions: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 23:346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03076-x","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6725_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03720-6","volume":"24","author":"PC Lopes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lopes PC, Carvalho T, Gomes ATPC et al (2024) White spot lesions: diagnosis and treatment \u2013 a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 24:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03720-6","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6725_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12008","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12008","volume":"9","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li M, Yang Z, Huang Y et al (2021) In vitro effect of resin infiltrant on resistance of sound enamel surfaces in permanent teeth to demineralization. PeerJ 9:e12008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.12008","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"6725_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000275917","volume":"44","author":"S Paris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Paris S, Meyer-Lueckel H (2010) Inhibition of caries progression by resin infiltration in situ. Caries Res 44:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000275917","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"6725_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121893","volume":"9","author":"N Dziaruddin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dziaruddin N, Zakaria ASI (2022) Resin infiltration of non-cavitated enamel lesions in paediatric dentistry: a narrative review. Children 9:1893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9121893","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"6725_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5553","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14245553","volume":"14","author":"C Mazzitelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazzitelli C, Josic U, Maravic T et al (2022) An insight into enamel resin infiltrants with experimental compositions. Polymers 14:5553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14245553","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"6725_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2341\/13-202-L","volume":"39","author":"R Gelani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gelani R, Zandona A, Lippert F et al (2014) In vitro progression of artificial white spot lesions sealed with an infiltrant resin. Oper Dent 39:481\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2341\/13-202-L","journal-title":"Oper Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105792","volume":"140","author":"AS Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan AS, AlDahlan BG, Maghrabi NH et al (2023) Application of laser on enamel surface with three types of bioactive glasses-based resin infiltrants: an in vitro study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 140:105792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105792","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"6725_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_26_19","volume":"9","author":"A Elrashid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elrashid A, Alshaiji B, Saleh S et al (2019) Efficacy of resin infiltrate in noncavitated proximal carious lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 9:211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_26_19","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.108.017","volume":"108","author":"D Skrtic","year":"2003","unstructured":"Skrtic D, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED (2003) Amorphous calcium phosphate-based bioactive polymeric composites for mineralized tissue regeneration. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 108:167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/jres.108.017","journal-title":"J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol"},{"key":"6725_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.03.015","volume":"31","author":"MDS Chiari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiari MDS, Rodrigues MC, Xavier TA et al (2015) Mechanical properties and ion release from bioactive restorative composites containing glass fillers and calcium phosphate nanostructured particles. Dent Mater 31:726\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2015.03.015","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"6725_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34117\/bjdv11n2-052","volume":"11","author":"JE Damasceno","year":"2025","unstructured":"Damasceno JE, Pedreira PR, Mathias C et al (2025) Evaluation of penetration depth and color stability of experimental infiltrants on surface lesion in human enamel. Braz J Dev 11:e77754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34117\/bjdv11n2-052","journal-title":"Braz J Dev"},{"key":"6725_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5572569","volume":"2021","author":"S Kasraei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kasraei S, Haghi S, Valizadeh S et al (2021) Phosphate ion release and alkalizing potential of three bioactive dental materials in comparison with composite resin. Int J Dent 2021:5572569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5572569","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2025.08.003","volume":"41","author":"S Sauro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sauro S, Carvalho RM, Ferracane J (2025) The rise of advanced bioactive restorative materials: are they redefining operative dentistry? Dent Mater 41:1411\u20131429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2025.08.003","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"6725_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71. BMJ n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"6725_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.136338","volume":"17","author":"J Krithikadatta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krithikadatta J, Datta M, Gopikrishna V (2014) CRIS guidelines (Checklist for reporting In-vitro Studies): a concept note. J Conserv Dent 17:301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-0707.136338","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104350","volume":"127","author":"AH Delgado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delgado AH, Sauro S, Lima AF et al (2022) RoBDEMAT: A risk of bias tool and guideline for pre-clinical dental materials research. J Dent 127:104350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104350","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","volume":"12","author":"LA McGuinness","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGuinness LA, Higgins JPT (2021) Risk-of-bias visualization (robvis): an R package and Shiny web app. Res Synth Methods 12:55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1411","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"6725_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.5599","volume":"42","author":"A Elembaby","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elembaby A, AlHumaid J, El Tantawi M, Akhtar S (2022) The impact of nano-hydroxyapatite resin infiltrant on enamel remineralization: an in vitro study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 42:e43\u2013e50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11607\/prd.5599","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2019.73003","volume":"65","author":"A ElEmbaby","year":"2019","unstructured":"ElEmbaby A (2019) Innovative bioactive resin infiltrant. Egypt Dent J 65:1809\u20131815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/edj.2019.73003","journal-title":"Egypt Dent J"},{"key":"6725_CR25","unstructured":"Ashraf R (2022) Effect of resin infiltrate modified with bioactive glass on hardness and color stability of white spot lesions. (No journal information provided\u2014cannot fully format.)"},{"key":"6725_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104990","volume":"126","author":"Z Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai Z, Xie X, Zhang N et al (2022) Novel nanostructured resin infiltrant containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles to prevent enamel white spot lesions. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 126:104990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104990","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"6725_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.105067","volume":"126","author":"AT Obeid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Obeid AT, Garcia LHA, de Nascimento TR L, et al (2022) Effects of hybrid inorganic-organic nanofibers on properties of enamel resin infiltrants: an in vitro study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 126:105067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.105067","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"6725_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.04.008","volume":"38","author":"I Nedeljkovic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nedeljkovic I, Abdelaziz M, Feilzer AJ et al (2022) Novel hybrid-glass-based material for infiltration of early caries lesions. Dent Mater 38:1015\u20131023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2022.04.008","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"6725_CR29","first-page":"334","volume":"15","author":"H Bagheri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bagheri H, Namdar F, Hosseini Rivandi M, Asadi S (2020) Color properties of artificial white spot lesions treated by resin infiltrants with bioactive glass and nano-fluorohydroxyapatite. Int J Esthet Dent 15:334\u2013343","journal-title":"Int J Esthet Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103810","volume":"113","author":"A Hashemian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hashemian A, Shahabi S, Behroozibakhsh M et al (2021) A modified TEGDMA-based resin infiltrant using polyurethane acrylate oligomer and remineralising nano-fillers. J Dent 113:103810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103810","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-2005-y","volume":"21","author":"RA Sfalcin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sfalcin RA, Correr AB, Morbidelli LR et al (2017) Influence of bioactive particles on the chemical-mechanical properties of experimental enamel resin infiltrants. Clin Oral Investig 21:2143\u20132151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-016-2005-y","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"6725_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05298-3","volume":"27","author":"JLG Zago","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zago JLG, De Cerqueira GA, Ferreira RDS et al (2023) Evaluation of experimental resin infiltrant with nanohydroxyapatite in demineralized enamel. Clin Oral Investig 27:6835\u20136845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-023-05298-3","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"6725_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0088","volume":"37","author":"C Mathias","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathias C, Gomes RS, Pfeifer CS et al (2023) Influence of bioactive particles and onium salt on the physicochemical properties of experimental infiltrants. Braz Oral Res 37:e088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0088","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"6725_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S398514","volume":"15","author":"AF Souza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Souza AF, Souza MT, Damasceno JE et al (2023) Effects of bioactive particle incorporation on physical properties and penetration of resin enamel infiltrant. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 15:31\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CCIDE.S398514","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20240263","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2024-0263","volume":"32","author":"AF Souza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Souza AF, Fraga MAA, Correr AB et al (2024) Resin infiltrant with antibacterial activity: effects of DMAHDM and NACP incorporation. J Appl Oral Sci 32:e20240263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-7757-2024-0263","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"6725_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.03.026","volume":"32","author":"DM Andrade Neto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andrade Neto DM, Carvalho EV, Rodrigues EA et al (2016) Novel hydroxyapatite nanorods improve anti-caries efficacy of enamel infiltrants. Dent Mater 32:784\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2016.03.026","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"6725_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24725","volume":"88","author":"SZ Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed SZ, Khan AS, Nasser WW et al (2025) Physio-mechanic and microscopic analyses of bioactive glass-based resin infiltrants. Microsc Res Tech 88:595\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.24725","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"6725_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64500","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.64500","volume":"16","author":"SZ Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed SZ, Khan AS, Aljeshi NM et al (2024) Comparative in vitro physicochemical analysis of resin infiltrants doped with bioactive glasses. Cureus 16:e64500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.64500","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"6725_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1680\/jbibn.23.00069","volume":"13","author":"SZ Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed SZ, Khan AS, Shah AT et al (2024) Physicochemical assessments of ion-doped bioactive-glass-based resin infiltrants. Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials 13:45\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/jbibn.23.00069","journal-title":"Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials"},{"key":"6725_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1833","volume":"13","author":"SN Dhillon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhillon SN, Macwan C, Jain AA (2020) Comparative evaluation of microhardness and enamel solubility with resin infiltrant, fluoride varnish, and CPP-ACP. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 13:S14\u2013S25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1833","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.10071","volume":"68","author":"JR Jones","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jones JR, Hench LL (2004) Factors affecting structure and properties of bioactive foam scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 68:36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.b.10071","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"6725_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.05.018","volume":"35","author":"C Pushpalatha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pushpalatha C, Gayathri VS, Sowmya SV et al (2023) Nanohydroxyapatite in dentistry: a comprehensive review. Saudi Dent J 35:741\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.05.018","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"6725_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985881","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.985881","volume":"10","author":"J Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu J, Shi H, Luo J et al (2022) Advanced materials for enamel remineralization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10:985881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.985881","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"6725_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14030274","volume":"14","author":"M Kunert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kunert M, Piwonski I, Hardan L et al (2024) Dentine remineralisation induced by bioactive materials. Nanomaterials 14:274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano14030274","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"6725_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7186140","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7186140","volume":"2016","author":"S Shamszadeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shamszadeh S, Sheikh-Al-Eslamian SM, Hasani E et al (2016) Color stability of bulk-fill composites with different thickness. Int J Dent 2016:7186140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7186140","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20769","volume":"73","author":"PA Dos Santos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dos Santos PA, Garcia PPNS, De Oliveira ALBM et al (2010) Chemical and morphological features of dental composite resin: influence of light curing units and immersion media. Microsc Res Tech 73:176\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.20769","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"6725_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/22808000231193524","volume":"21","author":"F Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen F, Sun L, Luo H et al (2023) Influence of filler types on wear and surface hardness of composite resin restorations. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 21:22808000231193524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/22808000231193524","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials"},{"key":"6725_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101813","volume":"11","author":"HA Siddiqui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Siddiqui HA, Pickering KL, Mucalo MR (2018) Hydroxyapatite\u2013carbonaceous composites in bone replacement materials. Materials 11:1813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma11101813","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"6725_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.11.003","volume":"39","author":"J Vecstaudza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vecstaudza J, Gasik M, Locs J (2019) Amorphous calcium phosphate materials: formation and behaviour. J Eur Ceram Soc 39:1642\u20131649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.11.003","journal-title":"J Eur Ceram Soc"},{"key":"6725_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-5-40","volume":"5","author":"J Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao J, Liu Y, Sun W, Zhang H (2011) Amorphous calcium phosphate and its application in dentistry. Chem Cent J 5:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1752-153X-5-40","journal-title":"Chem Cent J"},{"key":"6725_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.22-0311","volume":"65","author":"PYW Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong PYW, Lim SL, Loi STY et al (2023) Comparative study of two chemical models for creating subsurface caries lesions. J Oral Sci 65:20\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2334\/josnusd.22-0311","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"6725_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000345362","volume":"47","author":"BM Moron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moron BM, Comar LP, Wiegand A et al (2013) Protocols to produce artificial dentine carious lesions in vitro and in situ. Caries Res 47:162\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000345362","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"6725_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106017","volume":"162","author":"NG Thomas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thomas NG, Junior FGDS, Ninan N et al (2025) Bioglass in dentistry: A comprehensive review. J Dent 162:106017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106017","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"6725_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231182357","volume":"102","author":"MAS Melo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Melo MAS, Garcia IM, Mokeem L et al (2023) Developing bioactive dental resins for restorative dentistry. J Dent Res 102:1180\u20131190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345231182357","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"6725_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/mawe.202100326","volume":"53","author":"A Suryawanshi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suryawanshi A, Behera N (2022) Dental composite resin: a review of mechanical properties and influencing factors. Mater Werkst 53:617\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mawe.202100326","journal-title":"Mater Werkst"},{"key":"6725_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70197","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA07819B","volume":"6","author":"S Zahid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zahid S, Shah AT, Jamal A et al (2016) Biological behavior of bioactive glasses and their composites. RSC Adv 6:70197\u201370214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C6RA07819B","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"6725_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2018-039","volume":"38","author":"AS Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan AS, Syed MR (2019) A review of bioceramics-based dental restorative materials. Dent Mater J 38:163\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4012\/dmj.2018-039","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"key":"6725_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3290\/j.cjdr.b6260583","volume":"28","author":"Impact of nanofiller fractions on selected properties of microfilled composite resin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Impact of nanofiller fractions on selected properties of microfilled composite resin (2025) Chin J Dent Res 28:115\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3290\/j.cjdr.b6260583","journal-title":"Chin J Dent Res"},{"key":"6725_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13167-014-0025-8","volume":"6","author":"AA Kunin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kunin AA, Evdokimova AY, Moiseeva NS (2015) Age-related differences of tooth enamel morphochemistry. EPMA J 6:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13167-014-0025-8","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"6725_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31448","volume":"83","author":"MT Lemon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lemon MT, Jones MS, Stansbury JW (2007) Hydrogen bonding interactions in methacrylate monomers and polymers. J Biomed Mater Res A 83:734\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.a.31448","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06725-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06725-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06725-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T08:36:27Z","timestamp":1770626187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06725-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-025-06725-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-3771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-3771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28"}}