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The experimental design included composite resins and adhesive systems containing S-PRG particles (Beautifil and FL-Bond II \u2013 Shofu), compared against a conventional composite (Filtek Z350XT \u2013 3\u00a0M ESPE) and a conventional adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond \u2013 Kuraray).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Samples were exposed to a controlled cariogenic environment and analyzed for colony-forming unit (CFU) counting, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness, and chemical modifications by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). One-way ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s post hoc test was performed (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CFU counting and SEM analysis revealed no significant differences in biofilm volume or microbial counts among groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05), indicating no reduction with bioactive materials. FTIR analysis showed a marked reduction in phosphate and carbonate absorption peaks compared to sound enamel, indicating a similar demineralization pattern regardless of material. Microhardness analysis revealed no significant differences among materials (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings did not reveal superior protection of bioactive materials containing S-PRG particles against cariogenic challenges. In this context, more robust clinical evidence is still needed to confirm the effectiveness of bioactive materials in enhancing restoration longevity and caries control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under dynamic cariogenic conditions, S-PRG-based materials performed similarly to conventional restoratives materials. These findings indicate that the purported bioactivity may not result in measurable clinical benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06731-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T01:56:20Z","timestamp":1769824580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of S-PRG-based restorative and adhesive systems on biofilm formation and enamel demineralization in a simulated oral environment."],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Lu\u00edsa Figueredo","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maur\u00edcio Malheiros","family":"Badar\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila Cristina","family":"Stolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamires Timm","family":"Maske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenda \u00c1vila","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Mello","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia Silveira","family":"Longaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Luc\u00eda David","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Guerra","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6847-6262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Silva Ribeiro","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"6731_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2021.01.002","volume":"33","author":"S Iftikhar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iftikhar S, Jahanzeb N, Saleem M, Ur Rehman S, Matinlinna JP, Khan AS (2021) The trends of dental biomaterials research and future directions: a mapping review. 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