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After clinical measurements and sample collection ELISA method was used for analyses of TOS, TAS, OSI, ARE, HO-1, NRF-2 levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Salivary TAS, serum TAS, serum ARE, serum NRF-2, salivary HO-1 levels were significantly lower in periodontitis patients compared to the healthy control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015, p\u2009=\u2009&lt;\u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.041,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). No significant difference was found in salivary and serum TOS, salivary and serum OSI, salivary ARE, salivary NRF-2, serum HO-1 levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.685,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.256,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.146,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.738,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.513,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.910,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.256).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that decreased antioxidant capacity, particularly involving HO-1 and NRF-2, may contribute to oxidative stress\u2013related tissue damage in periodontitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the roles of HO-1 and NRF-2 in the antioxidant defense system provides novel insights into the biological mechanisms underlying periodontal tissue destruction. These biomarkers may help clinicians identify individuals with heightened oxidative stress and increased susceptibility to disease progression, enabling earlier diagnosis and more personalized, targeted therapeutic interventions to improve periodontal health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-026-06814-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:36:23Z","timestamp":1773387383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of saliva and serum heme oxygenase, arylesterase and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 levels in patients with stage III periodontitis: a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6222-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep Hazan","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4205-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclbahar","family":"Ustao\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1046-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Avci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6814_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1995.tb00035.x","author":"GC Armitage","year":"1995","unstructured":"Armitage GC (1995) Clinical evaluation of periodontal diseases. 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